When you have six apples , do not eat them all , because all six apples you eat , you eat to six apples , eating into a kind of smell , That is, the taste of apples . If you put five of the six apples out to others to eat, although, you lose five apples , but you actually got the other five of friendship and goodwill. You can get more later , when someone is when other fruits , they will certainly share with you , you will get an orange from individual hands , the hands of that person to get a pear, you may get the last six Different fruits , six different flavors , six different colors, six friendship. People must learn to use what you have to return to you something more important and rich . So, give a kind of wisdom .
Wednesday, March 30, 2011
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
Dream to play for so many years . Learn what - -
Love like Lohan Admiralty, spending billions of dollars, only to make themselves less susceptible to injury.
break like Total Annihilation, well, can cause more harm to her, do not go well, but only make you die faster.
before breaking up, I thought I was very strong, like the delicate and charming daughter, more or less able to dodge some damage, breaking up, I found the dead Guiyan her suit, originally for the kind of hurt me, I can not escape open.
the so-called love, just a sea-worms, the beginning is often very happy, but if after a while, once this happiness, will be released.
breakup revenge is like the High Fan Zhen, hurt others hurt yourself. Goddess of the ancient secret crush like
currently the magic, you never know what the results after the shot.
father and mother as novice treasure box for you to eat to make you grow up you drink, then they can most easily be forgotten.
love is the beacon of white flags, no matter how sooner or later go back to square one. Some men like the soldiers
solution of the confusion, which he sleeps, you could barely see him.
uninhibited love is like a magic spell Putuo, the longer the deeper the hurt.
enemy in love, like a ghost 5 red law, he might be asked to put some innocuous Ray, be sure not to ignore his explosive power.
lover like vampires, although the all-around, but it is always the vulnerable.
empty Love is like five village lights, though you can hold the wound can not heal your pain scarred heart.
soaring real love like a monk, a critical moment for you to see them sacrifice justice.
some words like tenrai cut, though you reduce people's self-esteem, but also lost his personality.
say the words out, like repairing the failure of weapons, regardless of how pearls can not erase it repair the traces.
excuses as Jin Xiangyu, but with the more obvious effects. True love is like an amnesty
token, pay, and lost, but never regret.
promise as white, then that's always so easy, but the actual was so out of touch.
love is like life and death, people with low levels of only two choices, either swallow, or get help.
the original, you and I like the fairy shops and Qi Men Dun Jia, without me, you are still high and mighty, can not you, I was nothing.
life without Kim Liu Lu, a lot of things can not start over, and no wishful Lantern and Dan, to help you create the perfect all-red.
break like Total Annihilation, well, can cause more harm to her, do not go well, but only make you die faster.
before breaking up, I thought I was very strong, like the delicate and charming daughter, more or less able to dodge some damage, breaking up, I found the dead Guiyan her suit, originally for the kind of hurt me, I can not escape open.
the so-called love, just a sea-worms, the beginning is often very happy, but if after a while, once this happiness, will be released.
breakup revenge is like the High Fan Zhen, hurt others hurt yourself. Goddess of the ancient secret crush like
currently the magic, you never know what the results after the shot.
father and mother as novice treasure box for you to eat to make you grow up you drink, then they can most easily be forgotten.
love is the beacon of white flags, no matter how sooner or later go back to square one. Some men like the soldiers
solution of the confusion, which he sleeps, you could barely see him.
uninhibited love is like a magic spell Putuo, the longer the deeper the hurt.
enemy in love, like a ghost 5 red law, he might be asked to put some innocuous Ray, be sure not to ignore his explosive power.
lover like vampires, although the all-around, but it is always the vulnerable.
empty Love is like five village lights, though you can hold the wound can not heal your pain scarred heart.
soaring real love like a monk, a critical moment for you to see them sacrifice justice.
some words like tenrai cut, though you reduce people's self-esteem, but also lost his personality.
say the words out, like repairing the failure of weapons, regardless of how pearls can not erase it repair the traces.
excuses as Jin Xiangyu, but with the more obvious effects. True love is like an amnesty
token, pay, and lost, but never regret.
promise as white, then that's always so easy, but the actual was so out of touch.
love is like life and death, people with low levels of only two choices, either swallow, or get help.
the original, you and I like the fairy shops and Qi Men Dun Jia, without me, you are still high and mighty, can not you, I was nothing.
life without Kim Liu Lu, a lot of things can not start over, and no wishful Lantern and Dan, to help you create the perfect all-red.
Couples sleeping position , you are the one
When you stay together with him in bed, please choose the right map and then shout
you will understand, love is to have her lying on your side,
ride one night.
But you know the couple's sleeping positions reveal different psychological password?
what kind you usually see it. . . Photo ⑴
lover is always in love with each other never get tired, often face to face or hug and sleep. They sleep in this position in addition to representing love, but also could see both men and women who are possessive. This love is strong, without reservation, and we do not want anyone to influence their feelings with the things, promising to pay each other and the desire to sacrifice, but most cases are of the moment. The figure ⑵
Figure ⑶
If you used the waist from behind to sleep surrounded by women, this means you want to give her a sense of security, on the other hand reveal your insecurity and possessiveness, because, after embracing is to make each other's positions most difficult to escape. Figure ⑷
used if your woman surrounded by your waist from behind to sleep in that she is very dependent on you from the heart, I hope you do the mainstay of the family. Nightclub girl in the face of many one-night stands transactions, often encircling sleep take this position, because they are more eager than others was the feeling of love and pamper. Figure ⑸
many women like to sleep leaning against each other's shoulders, said to be the most natural for them the most comfortable sleeping position. This shows that she really enjoyed your current relationship, how important you are in her heart. It also shows that you have a knowledge and understanding each other, get along very comfortable. According to the survey, one-night stand, very few women will head on the shoulders of men, because she is difficult in this kind of Figure ⑹
two cases can sleep in this position to judge. We all belong to a comparison of himself, even granted that there are no major conflicts, sleep did not want to be each other's interference, once the love of small contradictions in the face, if not break, the two sides will become alienated. This sleeping position often seen in the form of two high-level white-collar couple, in their heart, work or even higher than the level in the love affair when the work appears smaller tired or ill feelings, they use more back to back sleeping position to clear his estranged each other, seeking self cool position. Figure ⑺
the feelings of both sides has entered a stable phase, have full mutual trust and understanding. From the physiological point of view, to take the most relaxed, the heart and limbs caused by compression of the sleeping position is not the best, so even before you how to romance, passion would rather back to back after the most comfortable position to sleep, to the best off effect, which is a common sense type of sleep mode.
you will understand, love is to have her lying on your side,
ride one night.
But you know the couple's sleeping positions reveal different psychological password?
what kind you usually see it. . . Photo ⑴
lover is always in love with each other never get tired, often face to face or hug and sleep. They sleep in this position in addition to representing love, but also could see both men and women who are possessive. This love is strong, without reservation, and we do not want anyone to influence their feelings with the things, promising to pay each other and the desire to sacrifice, but most cases are of the moment. The figure ⑵
Figure ⑶
If you used the waist from behind to sleep surrounded by women, this means you want to give her a sense of security, on the other hand reveal your insecurity and possessiveness, because, after embracing is to make each other's positions most difficult to escape. Figure ⑷
used if your woman surrounded by your waist from behind to sleep in that she is very dependent on you from the heart, I hope you do the mainstay of the family. Nightclub girl in the face of many one-night stands transactions, often encircling sleep take this position, because they are more eager than others was the feeling of love and pamper. Figure ⑸
many women like to sleep leaning against each other's shoulders, said to be the most natural for them the most comfortable sleeping position. This shows that she really enjoyed your current relationship, how important you are in her heart. It also shows that you have a knowledge and understanding each other, get along very comfortable. According to the survey, one-night stand, very few women will head on the shoulders of men, because she is difficult in this kind of Figure ⑹
two cases can sleep in this position to judge. We all belong to a comparison of himself, even granted that there are no major conflicts, sleep did not want to be each other's interference, once the love of small contradictions in the face, if not break, the two sides will become alienated. This sleeping position often seen in the form of two high-level white-collar couple, in their heart, work or even higher than the level in the love affair when the work appears smaller tired or ill feelings, they use more back to back sleeping position to clear his estranged each other, seeking self cool position. Figure ⑺
the feelings of both sides has entered a stable phase, have full mutual trust and understanding. From the physiological point of view, to take the most relaxed, the heart and limbs caused by compression of the sleeping position is not the best, so even before you how to romance, passion would rather back to back after the most comfortable position to sleep, to the best off effect, which is a common sense type of sleep mode.
Sunday, March 27, 2011
Chang Thai knower Zuxin things , people high on the face of No Desire .
Often do knower Zuxin Thailand, people high on the face of No Desire.
- Inscription
were high on the face of No Desire is a clear writer and teacher Uncle Cliff Ji Xiaolan's essays in a joint book, reads: Desire lifted up. Here to say Where But warn people to get rid of the fetters of fame and fortune and distress, do not force it does not seek to have the pursuit of something.
were high on the face of No Desire, what kind of people will be such a good character? Should be who expects nothing. People really reached the seeding, and his personality will automatically increase. The greatness of personality: he needs beyond the desire to pursue moral perfection. Therefore, the ability to follow the requirements of character, as an invaluable, to This is the This realm, but also a mind, but also a belief, or a character, but also a state of mind. State of mind could do that, it is difficult. This state of mind, take time to sharpen, also need to temper rough life, but more magnanimous mood flat water, indifferent attitude. This indifferent attitude is no demand in the ordinary breeds not yet great, busy movement, including the ages of melancholy. People are
were high on the face of No Desire, Shu Prime Minister Zhuge Liang said: The face of complex life, need nothing from the indifferent. Life, bearish things change, wait and see the flowers need to go through ups and downs of life in the displaced rough, need to experience a loss in the frustrated confused, unpredictable situation to go through ups and downs in the downtown, has experienced the ebb and flow of life before there will be Experienced the hardships of life, will make the most of
were high on the face of No Desire, power and profit, non-rush; name and money, do not have their tired, although all good things, do not cut close in the capsule. As a song sung in the Difficult to change mindset of people, time of deposition, the accumulation of life experiences, make it increasingly difficult to look back at my stick idea is not right? Do not ask a person at the right time is to give up the heart of vanity, empty the mind inside the accumulated secular life sticks and dry leaves. Empty the mind, in order to maximize access to the life of freedom, independence; can harvest the glory and brilliance of the future; to have to travel again and again the conditions of life. When suddenly one day have their own perception wiped the dust when the mind, may find the original life can be an entirely different story!
were high on the face of No Desire is a kind of detachment, is an indifferent, is a courage. Aloof, like Magnolia, as right way, free of dust, with a certain aloof and reserved, detached from worldly above. Read the Masters life experience and philosophies of life from the two aspects of human life and a detailed review, let me benefit. Them to realize a peaceful state of mind, a ray of quiet, sophisticated, sweet fire a bottle of wine, these are persons without seeking behavior.
were high on the face of No Desire, in the alleys of the forty years later, I told myself not to beg for anything, and no longer insist, though I have nothing. Because I see people high on the face of No Desire real meaning. Tao no request was . Lin's no request is copies of a noble character, composed a song after another precious life. In that of the ancient poetry in order to clearly understand the indifferent to, learn to quiet and Zhiyuan, the experience of the Sea, tolerance is a large, appreciate the stand like a wall a thousand yards, desire is just ... ...
were high on the face of No Desire, without demand, is a man of wisdom to the realm of all that can be bearish, light Going the security, have the do not like, lost also worry. Know the first people without demand, bearing in mind the hearts of in the
only live once! This is common sense is often forgotten. Since you only live once, you should pay attention to point of Why should they live so tired that he went to torture yourself?
is tired of living heart tired. Poor do not need bitter circumstances of life and where's smooth sailing all the time? The boss of a dissatisfied glance why not on the air for five minutes to slow in the next life, you have all an opportunity to show, not to mention Think about this you will become calm; see other people do not have to envy the performance of prominent belly up, jealousy is harmful to health. As long as you do what on the line.
Since only live once, you should live comfortable and live happy, live cool. Work too fast, too much stress, too feisty heart, life is too erratic, time is not long, mental and physical strength would collapse. Originally four-year-old, almost senile mental and physical strength, more money, what is the use? Shakespeare had cursed gold: golden gold ah, you are the common whore of mankind! You can make the United States and ugly, so ugly can be beautiful; you can make wrong into right, we can make right into wrong; you can make the living become the dead, but also can become the living dead! In order to get the golden gold, Liangjianvzi when whore, good guy into a robber! I curse you, damned gold! Marx had predicted: that one day sooner or later people will use the gold to cover the toilet! Of course, the penny may no man, no money can not. However, as long as the end of the wage guarantee, why more vapid pursuit of the accumulation of his life too!
comfortable to live, live happy, live smart, we must learn to be content, learn to go with the flow. Contentment, go with the flow is happiness. We and the rich, powerful, have the right of the people, are all human. Because all human beings, there is no need tender mercies, smiling ask for help! After all, life is not a show, do not use too much powder to apply yourself, do not wear a Laugh, Sing It, are carefully calm earn earn less, live simple and natural, live Tan sway. This is comfortable, this is happiness, this is cool!
yourself how much Of course, we should strive to fight for glory when flat; and in the glorious time, we should also clearly see the mountains there, not This prevents the impetuous, to avoid the error. While promising to create brilliant, but often the production of a miracle caused by multiple factors, favorable factors plus the opportunity, like the lack of which can only be lost by the wayside, and it is called
So, as long as we are down to earth to life, General, what did not even create, you can feel the real life, the pursuit of happiness, also can be Life is too much trouble and sadness Zaibu Dong! Only inner calm, calm, can not go without music. If we can hold a normal, sitting down watching the clouds and cloud, Huakaihuaxie term of the vicissitudes of life, cloud water yo can get a good mood. Make only a minor issue, do ordinary people to maintain peace of mind, the psychological balance, and if we can treat this the best mood every day, then we will be full of sunshine each day, filled with hope.
only live once! Do not live too tired!
be happy to know how to share the double happiness, happy life should fill the anticipation surprise and gratitude.
flowers and the world, a leaf spring
static moment is easy, quiet life of a man such as difficulty, clock, clock quality, there are four characteristics of seeking truth from facts, not reporting false; times, keep minutes and seconds; adhere to the law does not take indented; hard and unassuming. Life such as water, water, spirit: no matter when and where, always change their shape constantly find a way out; do not reject any of the sand and the Barrier to join, but before the line is wrapped folder, expand their own strength and courage; any time in case of to stop, slow accumulation of forces is always the last to break through; after ten thousand mile hardships, never change their nature. Particular about the art of speaking, the temperature
urgent need to speak, slow to speak
event, it is clear that
small, humorous things that
not sure, careful to say
; did not happen, no nonsense
; can not do, Freeze said
; injury of people, can not say
; ; annoying thing, not the person to say
happy things to see where that
sad thing, not telling anyone that < br> other things, be careful to say
own business, listen to their own how to say
heartNow things do say
The next thing, the next say
; ; careful to speak but also to
; ; Do not hit the crash vast blurted out.
; things no matter how urgent, we must clearly let everyone know the problems and context,
; but often the more urgent the more that is not clear, but the delay.
should adhere to this, it is commendable, and can be made into big business. Afraid afraid persist until the last, come to naught.
Have been in Germany in Appreciating words do not have to stay in one room for two-thirds, leaving some discreet person in charge has not harsh at best, leaving room in the third person, leave more magnanimous pride in having had to do, leaving room for the third people, leaving some content in the exposed do not have cutting edge, leaving room in the third person to stay more active and do not converge to the invitation had to do, leaving room in the third person, has left some humility in the management do not have to rush to do, leaving one-third room for others, leaving some tolerance do not have to rely on the graces already do, leaving room in the third person, leaving more posterior in reliance do not have the momentum, leaving room in the third person, leave more wealth to ourselves do not enjoy the kind to stay one-third of room for others, leaving some blessing has been selected to not have to do everything possible, leaving room in the third person, leave more than Germany has been living in Sambo Sambo nature: sunlight, air, water, speaking Sambo: please, thank you Sorry Themselves in society Sambo: modesty, courtesy, praise Cultivation of treasures: a quiet, kind, calm Family treasures: joy, humor, thoughtfulness Put your family's treasures: harmony, and music, peace Sambo diet: balance, moderation, gratitude Health Sambo: walking, Shao Yu, gas and sleep Sambo: to go, and not delusional, lying fortune Travel Sambo: Augmented knowledge, security, joy, simple prudence financial management of the three treasures: establishing the budget, saving, thrifty legitimate scholarship Sambo: Qin read, write frequently, Dickens Learning Sambo: listen, accept, thinking Dating of the Three Treasures: honesty, integrity, contribution People's treasures: the real, kind, tolerant life Eight 1, make two friends, playground, library; 2, with two doctors, exercise, optimism, open-minded; 3, Enhancing both skill, and be a man, will do things ; 4, eat different things, many suffer much, suffering; 5, build two pillars, to understand humanity, talking about science; 6, the pursuit of the two consistent, the same interests and career, love and marriage the same; 7, remember two tips, health tips in the morning, secrets of success in the evening; 8, for two extreme, to maximize the potential of life extension to the extreme! Open-minded outlook on life to failure and frustration, laugh it off is a kind of optimistic self-confidence, and then begin again, this is a courage of heart. The face of misunderstanding and hatred, had a calm smile and tolerance, and then maintain the character, which is a philosophical mind. The face of praise and encouragement, laugh it off is a modest sober, and then keep making progress, this is a power center. The face of trouble and sorrow, to laugh it off is a peaceful relieved, and then try to resolve, which is a state of mind. A family home in mind to write a word carefully: each stroke, the point to write cross-Na, just ten pen, Must be perfect, only write a complete. Write the word soul to a home: a thousand miles from home, there are always worried about, the latitude and longitude latitude, Cool hot knitting life, only to write a miss. A home with a day to write the word: light crude rice tea, bittersweet, and beauty is a warm, After four quarters of the day feeling cold and heat, only to write a spring. Twenty-one women a central intelligence, to the health center two basic points, chic little confused 1.3 forget, forget age, forget the pain, forget the pains and four have: a husband, a home, have savings, with an old friend Five necessary: the number of women regardless of age, to sing, to dance, to fall (meat), to Qiao, the six do not want to laugh, do not eat until hungry, thirsty before drinking, went to bed sleepy and tired before going to bed , sick to see it, the old and we have to exercise.
< p>
- Inscription
were high on the face of No Desire is a clear writer and teacher Uncle Cliff Ji Xiaolan's essays in a joint book, reads: Desire lifted up. Here to say Where But warn people to get rid of the fetters of fame and fortune and distress, do not force it does not seek to have the pursuit of something.
were high on the face of No Desire, what kind of people will be such a good character? Should be who expects nothing. People really reached the seeding, and his personality will automatically increase. The greatness of personality: he needs beyond the desire to pursue moral perfection. Therefore, the ability to follow the requirements of character, as an invaluable, to This is the This realm, but also a mind, but also a belief, or a character, but also a state of mind. State of mind could do that, it is difficult. This state of mind, take time to sharpen, also need to temper rough life, but more magnanimous mood flat water, indifferent attitude. This indifferent attitude is no demand in the ordinary breeds not yet great, busy movement, including the ages of melancholy. People are
were high on the face of No Desire, Shu Prime Minister Zhuge Liang said: The face of complex life, need nothing from the indifferent. Life, bearish things change, wait and see the flowers need to go through ups and downs of life in the displaced rough, need to experience a loss in the frustrated confused, unpredictable situation to go through ups and downs in the downtown, has experienced the ebb and flow of life before there will be Experienced the hardships of life, will make the most of
were high on the face of No Desire, power and profit, non-rush; name and money, do not have their tired, although all good things, do not cut close in the capsule. As a song sung in the Difficult to change mindset of people, time of deposition, the accumulation of life experiences, make it increasingly difficult to look back at my stick idea is not right? Do not ask a person at the right time is to give up the heart of vanity, empty the mind inside the accumulated secular life sticks and dry leaves. Empty the mind, in order to maximize access to the life of freedom, independence; can harvest the glory and brilliance of the future; to have to travel again and again the conditions of life. When suddenly one day have their own perception wiped the dust when the mind, may find the original life can be an entirely different story!
were high on the face of No Desire is a kind of detachment, is an indifferent, is a courage. Aloof, like Magnolia, as right way, free of dust, with a certain aloof and reserved, detached from worldly above. Read the Masters life experience and philosophies of life from the two aspects of human life and a detailed review, let me benefit. Them to realize a peaceful state of mind, a ray of quiet, sophisticated, sweet fire a bottle of wine, these are persons without seeking behavior.
were high on the face of No Desire, in the alleys of the forty years later, I told myself not to beg for anything, and no longer insist, though I have nothing. Because I see people high on the face of No Desire real meaning. Tao no request was . Lin's no request is copies of a noble character, composed a song after another precious life. In that of the ancient poetry in order to clearly understand the indifferent to, learn to quiet and Zhiyuan, the experience of the Sea, tolerance is a large, appreciate the stand like a wall a thousand yards, desire is just ... ...
were high on the face of No Desire, without demand, is a man of wisdom to the realm of all that can be bearish, light Going the security, have the do not like, lost also worry. Know the first people without demand, bearing in mind the hearts of in the
only live once! This is common sense is often forgotten. Since you only live once, you should pay attention to point of Why should they live so tired that he went to torture yourself?
is tired of living heart tired. Poor do not need bitter circumstances of life and where's smooth sailing all the time? The boss of a dissatisfied glance why not on the air for five minutes to slow in the next life, you have all an opportunity to show, not to mention Think about this you will become calm; see other people do not have to envy the performance of prominent belly up, jealousy is harmful to health. As long as you do what on the line.
Since only live once, you should live comfortable and live happy, live cool. Work too fast, too much stress, too feisty heart, life is too erratic, time is not long, mental and physical strength would collapse. Originally four-year-old, almost senile mental and physical strength, more money, what is the use? Shakespeare had cursed gold: golden gold ah, you are the common whore of mankind! You can make the United States and ugly, so ugly can be beautiful; you can make wrong into right, we can make right into wrong; you can make the living become the dead, but also can become the living dead! In order to get the golden gold, Liangjianvzi when whore, good guy into a robber! I curse you, damned gold! Marx had predicted: that one day sooner or later people will use the gold to cover the toilet! Of course, the penny may no man, no money can not. However, as long as the end of the wage guarantee, why more vapid pursuit of the accumulation of his life too!
comfortable to live, live happy, live smart, we must learn to be content, learn to go with the flow. Contentment, go with the flow is happiness. We and the rich, powerful, have the right of the people, are all human. Because all human beings, there is no need tender mercies, smiling ask for help! After all, life is not a show, do not use too much powder to apply yourself, do not wear a Laugh, Sing It, are carefully calm earn earn less, live simple and natural, live Tan sway. This is comfortable, this is happiness, this is cool!
yourself how much Of course, we should strive to fight for glory when flat; and in the glorious time, we should also clearly see the mountains there, not This prevents the impetuous, to avoid the error. While promising to create brilliant, but often the production of a miracle caused by multiple factors, favorable factors plus the opportunity, like the lack of which can only be lost by the wayside, and it is called
So, as long as we are down to earth to life, General, what did not even create, you can feel the real life, the pursuit of happiness, also can be Life is too much trouble and sadness Zaibu Dong! Only inner calm, calm, can not go without music. If we can hold a normal, sitting down watching the clouds and cloud, Huakaihuaxie term of the vicissitudes of life, cloud water yo can get a good mood. Make only a minor issue, do ordinary people to maintain peace of mind, the psychological balance, and if we can treat this the best mood every day, then we will be full of sunshine each day, filled with hope.
only live once! Do not live too tired!
be happy to know how to share the double happiness, happy life should fill the anticipation surprise and gratitude.
flowers and the world, a leaf spring
static moment is easy, quiet life of a man such as difficulty, clock, clock quality, there are four characteristics of seeking truth from facts, not reporting false; times, keep minutes and seconds; adhere to the law does not take indented; hard and unassuming. Life such as water, water, spirit: no matter when and where, always change their shape constantly find a way out; do not reject any of the sand and the Barrier to join, but before the line is wrapped folder, expand their own strength and courage; any time in case of to stop, slow accumulation of forces is always the last to break through; after ten thousand mile hardships, never change their nature. Particular about the art of speaking, the temperature
urgent need to speak, slow to speak
event, it is clear that
small, humorous things that
not sure, careful to say
; did not happen, no nonsense
; can not do, Freeze said
; injury of people, can not say
; ; annoying thing, not the person to say
happy things to see where that
sad thing, not telling anyone that < br> other things, be careful to say
own business, listen to their own how to say
heartNow things do say
The next thing, the next say
; ; careful to speak but also to
; ; Do not hit the crash vast blurted out.
; things no matter how urgent, we must clearly let everyone know the problems and context,
; but often the more urgent the more that is not clear, but the delay.
should adhere to this, it is commendable, and can be made into big business. Afraid afraid persist until the last, come to naught.
Have been in Germany in Appreciating words do not have to stay in one room for two-thirds, leaving some discreet person in charge has not harsh at best, leaving room in the third person, leave more magnanimous pride in having had to do, leaving room for the third people, leaving some content in the exposed do not have cutting edge, leaving room in the third person to stay more active and do not converge to the invitation had to do, leaving room in the third person, has left some humility in the management do not have to rush to do, leaving one-third room for others, leaving some tolerance do not have to rely on the graces already do, leaving room in the third person, leaving more posterior in reliance do not have the momentum, leaving room in the third person, leave more wealth to ourselves do not enjoy the kind to stay one-third of room for others, leaving some blessing has been selected to not have to do everything possible, leaving room in the third person, leave more than Germany has been living in Sambo Sambo nature: sunlight, air, water, speaking Sambo: please, thank you Sorry Themselves in society Sambo: modesty, courtesy, praise Cultivation of treasures: a quiet, kind, calm Family treasures: joy, humor, thoughtfulness Put your family's treasures: harmony, and music, peace Sambo diet: balance, moderation, gratitude Health Sambo: walking, Shao Yu, gas and sleep Sambo: to go, and not delusional, lying fortune Travel Sambo: Augmented knowledge, security, joy, simple prudence financial management of the three treasures: establishing the budget, saving, thrifty legitimate scholarship Sambo: Qin read, write frequently, Dickens Learning Sambo: listen, accept, thinking Dating of the Three Treasures: honesty, integrity, contribution People's treasures: the real, kind, tolerant life Eight 1, make two friends, playground, library; 2, with two doctors, exercise, optimism, open-minded; 3, Enhancing both skill, and be a man, will do things ; 4, eat different things, many suffer much, suffering; 5, build two pillars, to understand humanity, talking about science; 6, the pursuit of the two consistent, the same interests and career, love and marriage the same; 7, remember two tips, health tips in the morning, secrets of success in the evening; 8, for two extreme, to maximize the potential of life extension to the extreme! Open-minded outlook on life to failure and frustration, laugh it off is a kind of optimistic self-confidence, and then begin again, this is a courage of heart. The face of misunderstanding and hatred, had a calm smile and tolerance, and then maintain the character, which is a philosophical mind. The face of praise and encouragement, laugh it off is a modest sober, and then keep making progress, this is a power center. The face of trouble and sorrow, to laugh it off is a peaceful relieved, and then try to resolve, which is a state of mind. A family home in mind to write a word carefully: each stroke, the point to write cross-Na, just ten pen, Must be perfect, only write a complete. Write the word soul to a home: a thousand miles from home, there are always worried about, the latitude and longitude latitude, Cool hot knitting life, only to write a miss. A home with a day to write the word: light crude rice tea, bittersweet, and beauty is a warm, After four quarters of the day feeling cold and heat, only to write a spring. Twenty-one women a central intelligence, to the health center two basic points, chic little confused 1.3 forget, forget age, forget the pain, forget the pains and four have: a husband, a home, have savings, with an old friend Five necessary: the number of women regardless of age, to sing, to dance, to fall (meat), to Qiao, the six do not want to laugh, do not eat until hungry, thirsty before drinking, went to bed sleepy and tired before going to bed , sick to see it, the old and we have to exercise.
< p>
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Clinical staging of lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer staging
a lung cancer TNM staging TNM staging system is
for diagnosis, treatment and clinical research of the accurately reflect the patient's condition, accurate prognosis.
1966 of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging of lung cancer since the enactment of the first edition, lung cancer TNM staging system revised total of five. At present the clinical application of the Clifton F . Mountain1997 enacted the American Cancer Association (American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC) TNM 5th edition of lung cancer staging system
2002 年 AJCC 6th edition without making any amendments.
Clifton F. Mountain 1997 on Lung Cancer TNM staging system version 5 is based on clinical data from the MD Anderson Cancer Center, a medical center (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 4,351 cases of lung cancer, National Cancer Institute study group 968 cases, a total of 5,319 cases), mostly for surgery treatment of cases, a longer time span (1975 to 1988). not fully reflect the real situation of the global lung cancer.
to reflect the results of the recent treatment of lung cancer and lung cancer staging system that has broad representation throughout the world, the 1998 International Study of Lung Cancer Association (IASLC) lung cancer staging Commission to proceed with the revision of the new staging system .1990 to 2000 worldwide (North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, a total of 19 countries) to collect the 100,869 patients with lung cancer data, which clearly pathological types, clinical stage, treatment and follow-up data complete new cases 81,015 cases, NSCLC 67725 cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 13290 patients. Through statistical analysis of the different TNM definitions, Seoul, Korea in 2007, the tenth second report of the World Lung Conference on Lung Cancer of the seventh edition of TNM staging system (2009) amendments. San Francisco in 2009, the Thirteenth General Assembly adopted the World of lung cancer and global implementation in 2010.
1, T stage amendments
on 67,725 cases with complete data NSCLC primary tumor effects of factors on the long-term survival analysis, recommendations will be
T1 into T1a (l2cm), T1b (> 2cm, l3cm); < br> the T2 into T2a (> 3cm, l5cm),
T2b (> 5cm, l7cm);
will> 7cm were defined as T3.
lobe primary tumors occur within the host satellite the same prognosis and other T3 nodules, where the non-primary tumor lobe metastases occur within the same prognosis and the other T4 is better than the M1. It is therefore recommended where the original tumor nodules found in lungs is defined as T3; ipsilateral non-primary lung nodules occur within defined T4.
2, N staging of regional lymph node status revised
clear staging and treatment of lung cancer a vital component in .40 years, cancer researchers around the world under the intrathoracic anatomic site of lymph nodes to locate the regional lymph nodes of lung cancer, and that use different numbers to draw a map to represent the regional lymph nodes of lung cancer clinical and pathological lymph node metastasis.
through accurate, unified regional lymph node nomenclature is the development of lung cancer TNM sub- period, evaluate the therapeutic results in various medical centers to compare the clinical results, the design and analysis of clinical research and patient treatment options for different key factors.
a history of lung cancer is the Naruke lymph node map developed in 1967 , the first widely used in North America, Europe and Japan.
American Thoracic Society (the American Thoracic Society, ATS) will Naruke map was revised and regional lymph node dissection area to do a more precise description of the formation of the ATS map, is widely used in North America.
1996 年 Mountain and Dresler Naruke map and ATS map will be integrated to develop a new map of regional lymph nodes of lung cancer MD-ATS map, and is used by AJCC and UICC. after being in North America and widely used in Europe.
1998 年, IASLC set up a committee to establish an international lung cancer staging database in the world in 2006 to collect 100,869 valid cases of lung cancer cases. Based on the results of the international lung cancer database analysis, IASLC proposed 7th edition AJCC TNM staging of lung cancer amendments.
database through the lymph node staging of lung cancer IASLC international data analysis, we found Naruke map and the MD-ATS map regional lymph node classification for lung cancer there is a big difference in the definition.
more important differences include, Naruke map Group 1 corresponds to MD-ATS map in group 1 and group 2; Naruke map the first set of the corresponding 2,3,4 R and 4L MD-ATS map 4R and 4L group; is of great significance is the MD-ATS map Group 7 (subcarinal lymph nodes) corresponds to the Naruke map 7 group and 10 groups, resulting in some lung cancer staging by MD-ATS map for the N2, IIIA period, while the Naruke map stage was N1, II period. < br> IASLC Committee to develop revised lung cancer staging regional lymph node map, the MD-ATS map and Naruke map integration, and for each group of lymph nodes provided a precise definition of anatomy.
beginning in 2009, IASLC will This standard within the world of lung cancer data collection for 7 years after the AJCC TNM staging of lung cancer 8 edition standards.
compared to MD-ATS map and Naruke map, IASLC map has some significant changes, Table 3. For all of the regional lymph nodes, IASLC map provides clear anatomical boundaries, particularly for group 1 to 10 lymph nodes were clearly defined upper and lower boundaries of each group of lymph nodes in order to avoid duplication.
now 4, and 10 lymph nodes back off as no longer boundaries of the pleura, but provided a clear anatomic landmarks can be more reliable in imaging, endoscopy and surgery were identified.
the clavicle and sternum fossa lymph node before the packet is not clear to distinguish intrathoracic lymph nodes, IASLC map to the provisions of Section 1. unified by clearly defined and the MD-ATS map between the Naruke map of group 2 and group 4 naming difference. < br> taking into account more often upper mediastinal lymph node drainage area in the trachea and often across the right side of the trachea midline, IASLC map requirements right the first section 2,4 2,4 group and the group left the line to the left wall of the trachea, not then follow the MD-ATS map to the center line as the boundary marks the trachea.
cancel Naruke map in Group 3 (covering the middle of the surface of the trachea) the definition of lymph nodes, because the parts of the lymph nodes are not easily and accurately than group 2 or Group 4 lymph nodes, and often systematic lymph node dissection in group 4 with en bloc resection of lymph nodes along with. retain and further defined the vascular front (ie the anterior mediastinum) 3a and tracheal lymph 3p.
the bulge lymph node group (MD-ATS map is defined as Group 7, Naruke map is divided into 7 groups and 10 groups) and provides a clear anatomical boundaries. Similarly, for the past confused the right and 4, Section 10 the left and 10 of Group 5 Group and the bilateral group and 11 of 10 lymph nodes, a clear delineation of anatomy.
previous literature on the different regions of the lymph node metastasis and overall survival analysis of the relationship between the trigger of a specific groups of lymph nodes merged into and radiation oncology practitioner or integration for increased cross-group analysis of lymph nodes for help.
Table 3. Naruke, MD-ATS and IASLC Lymph Node Map Comparison of anatomically
Naruke Map
MD-ATS Map
IASLC Map
# 1 root of the neck, clavicle and sternum on the fossa lymph
intrathoracic trachea 1 / 3 of the surrounding area. upper bound for the pleural or subclavian artery on the top edge of the lower bound the left brachiocephalic vein crossing the center line on the edge and the level of the trachea.
the upper edge of the left brachiocephalic vein and trachea area above the center line level crossing.
upper bounds: the lower edge of cricoid cartilage; lower bound: Bilateral clavicle, the middle of the manubrium margin; trachea midline, and this regional lymph nodes are divided into 1R 1L.
# 2 paratracheal lymph nodes
# 2 on the paratracheal lymph nodes
in group 1 and 4 groups.
the aortic arch margin above the level of tangent plane, the following lower bound of group 1 lymph node area of the mediastinal lymph nodes.
2R: upper bounds: the top of the right lung and pleural tip, the upper edge of the middle of the manubrium; lower bound: innominate vein and trachea and the lower edge of the intersection; in sector: the left edge of the trachea.
2L: upper bound: the top left apical pleura, on the edge of the middle of the manubrium; lower bound: the upper edge of the aortic arch.
# 3 tracheal blood vessels before the lymph nodes before and
# 3 tracheal tube after the lymph nodes
in front of group 1 below. # 3a anterior mediastinal lymph nodes,
# 3p mediastinal lymph nodes after airway.
lymph vessel is defined as before 3a, tracheal lymph nodes defined as 3p. in the middle ipsilateral lymph nodes were considered.
3a: the right side of the upper bound: pleural top, the lower bound: carina level, the former world: chest, back boundary: the left superior vena cava on the boundary edge
: pleural top , lower bound: carina level, the former world: chest, back boundary: left common carotid artery
3p: the upper bound: pleural top, the lower bound: carina level.
# 4 tracheobronchial lymph nodes
# 4
in the trachea carina lymph node on the right side of the inside of the azygos vein, left the inside of the aorta.
right in the middle right side of the trachea, aortic arch tangent plane on the edge of the level below, right upper lobe bronchus plane above the upper edge of the opening, including in the mediastinal pleura or less. the left side of the center line at the left side of the trachea, aortic arch tangent plane on the edge of the level below the left upper lobe bronchus on the edge of the opening above the level of arterial medial ligaments, including the mediastinal pleura or less. Youyi azygos vein arch level of the upper edge of the boundary is divided into 4s and 4i.
4R: including the right paratracheal lymph nodes and trachea before. the world: the intersection of innominate vein and trachea and the lower edge of the lower bound: azygos vein under edge.
4L: the left edge of the trachea between the ligaments and arteries. the world: on the edge of the aortic arch, the lower bound: the upper edge of the left pulmonary artery.
# 5 near the aortic arch arteries
ligament lymph nodes, located in the aortic arch and between the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary artery and the left lateral ligament, to the first branch of the left pulmonary artery, including within the mediastinal pleura.
artery lateral ligament lymph nodes. upper bounds: the lower edge of the aortic arch, the lower bound: the left pulmonary artery on the edge.
# 6
aortic lymph nodes along the ascending aorta, aortic arch lateral to the vagus nerve after the community.
located in the ascending aorta, aortic arch or the innominate artery and the outside front, in the aortic arch cutting edge level below the level.
ascending aorta and aortic arch anterior lateral lymph node. the world: cutting edge of the aortic arch and lower bounds: the lower edge of the aortic arch.
# 7 subcarinal lymph nodes in the subcarinal
.
in the lymph nodes below the carina, not related to the lower lobe bronchus and pulmonary artery.
upper bound: carina, the lower bound: the left lower lobe bronchus on the edge of the right bronchus to the lower edge of the middle of dry .
# 8
paraesophageal lymph nodes in the subcarinal lymph nodes below the surrounding esophagus.
lymph nodes near the esophagus, except for subcarinal lymph nodes.
in the esophageal surface, except for subcarinal lymph nodes. upper bound: the left lower lobe bronchus on the edge of the right bronchus to the lower edge of the middle dry, the lower bound: the diaphragm.
# 9 in the lower pulmonary ligament lymph nodes
pulmonary vein, the rear.
included in the pulmonary ligament , including the rear and below the lymph nodes.
pulmonary ligament lymph nodes. Upper Bound: inferior pulmonary vein, the lower bound: the diaphragm.
# 10 hilar lymph nodes
located around the left or the right main bronchus.
mediastinal pleura back off the roots of lymph nodes outside the lung. On the right side near the middle of dry bronchial
adjacent main bronchus and hilar vessels (including the distal pulmonary veins and the pulmonary artery). upper bound: the lower edge of the right side of the azygos vein, left the pulmonary artery on the edge of the lower bound: bilateral interlobar region.
# 11 leaves of the lymph nodes in the lobar bronchus
between:
# 11s: located on the middle between the bronchus, # 11i: located in between the lower lobe bronchus.
lobe bronchus is located between the openings between
lobe bronchus. # 11s: right upper lobe bronchus and intermediate between the dry, # 11i: right between the middle and lower lobe bronchus.
# 12 leaves in the leaf nodes
bronchi:
# 12u: the upper lobe bronchi,
# 12m: middle bronchi,
# 12l: lower lobe bronchi.
distal lobar bronchus lobar bronchus close to the surrounding lymph nodes
.
# 13 segments around the lymph nodes
segmental bronchi segmental bronchi segmental bronchi lymph node
lymph nodes.
# 14 sub-section of lymph node
subsegmental bronchi
subsegmental bronchi adjacent to sub-segmental bronchi.
3, M
Statistics found that the amendment stage, malignant pleural effusion and contralateral lung nodules 5 year survival rate was the same, only 2%, defined as M1a, other distant metastasis is defined as M1b. the TNM staging combinations, as shown in Table 4:
Table 4. IASLC recommended a new version of NSCLC TNM staging
N0
N1
N2
N3
M1a
M1b
T1a
Ⅰ A
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T1b
Ⅰ A
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T2a
Ⅰ B
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T2b
Ⅱ A
Ⅱ B
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T3
Ⅱ B
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T4
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
Second, NSCLC mediastinal lymph node staging method Evaluation
no distant metastasis for NSCLC, a clear decision without mediastinal lymph node metastasis is a key factor in treatment of lung cancer mediastinal lymph node staging method N is divided into two non-invasive and invasive.
1, NSCLC mediastinal Non-invasive lymph node staging
past studies have shown that chest CT, CT scan images on the morphological features of mediastinal lymph nodes, such as the lymph node shape, density, degree of edge enhancement on the situation and determine whether the transfer has occurred not help much, only the size of lymph nodes CT diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis help.
CT diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes the size of the field value has not yet have a unified opinion, at present mostly in the axial CT, and lymph node short axis diameter g1cm CT diagnosis of lymph node metastasis as the standard.
1991 to 2006 with complete data of 35 clinical studies, a total of 5111 cases of NSCLC, mediastinal lymph node metastasis was found in 28% (18 ~ 56%), CT mediastinal lymph nodes to determine the overall sensitivity and specificity were 51% and 86%.
two large meta-analysis to determine mediastinal lymph node metastasis CT sensitivity and specificity were 61%, 79% and 64%, 74%. Although chest CT to determine the accuracy of mediastinal lymph node metastasis and not high, but it is the best of mediastinal non-invasive anatomical methods, mediastinal lymph nodes can provide more information for suspicious lymph nodes targeted for further invasive inspection to improve the diagnostic accuracy and guide the surgical dissection.
positron emission tomography (PET) PET through quantitative analysis of glucose metabolism in tissues and cells to determine the benign and malignant lesions, with a high degree of sensitivity, the drawback is the spatial resolution is not high, only a new generation of PET spatial resolution 7 ~ 10 mm .2001 PET / CT advent of integrated PET's high sensitivity and high resolution CT, and quickly became a variety of tumor diagnosis and staging of the best non-invasive imaging methods.
18F-deoxy glucose (18 F-FDG) is currently the only recognized mediastinal staging of lung cancer imaging agent for positron. in order to change glucose metabolism in the cell as a roadmap, 18F-FDG can be sensitive to show a variety of lymph nodes and the pathological change .18 F- FDG PET may be sensitive to the detection of normal-sized lymph nodes, effectively reducing ineffective chest. University of diagnosis and treatment of cancer Multidisciplinary Center statistics show, PET images that reflect the metabolic information of 72.2% making the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
for CT scan of mediastinal lymph nodes of cases, PET sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 78%. In other words, PET to determine the accuracy of high metastatic lymph nodes enlarged, but there are nearly 1 / 4 of the false positive, granulomatous and inflammatory diseases, mostly.
1994 ~ 2006 年 44 clinical studies with complete data, a total of 2,865 cases of NSCLC, mediastinal lymph node metastasis rate was 29%, PET mediastinal N staging of NSCLC to determine the sensitivity and specificity were 74% and 85%, 20% of normal-sized lymph nodes were false negative PET scans.
a comparison of PET / CT and PET for staging of lung cancer diagnosis study shows PET / CT sensitivity and specificity significantly better than PET, were 85% and 84% vs 70% and 69%.
2, NSCLC mediastinal lymph node staging
invasive mediastinoscopy (Mediastinoscopy) mediastinoscopy is mediastinal lymph node staging in NSCLC ; gold standard , 4L, 4R and 7 lymph nodes before carina biopsies. but can not reach 3A, 3P, 5,6, 7,8,9 post carina lymph nodes. should routinely check the 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L and 7 groups lymph node. on the 5,6 group before the implementation of lymph node biopsy be mediastinotomy (Chamberlain operation), expanded by cervical mediastinoscopy incision can replace the anterior mediastinal lymph node biopsies of 5,6.
video-assisted mediastinal mirror technology to expand the traditional scope of mediastinoscopy in the exploration, application of video-assisted mediastinoscopy now have to complete systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy.
the sensitivity of mediastinoscopy lymph node biopsy and false negative rates were 80% and 10% specificity and false-positive rate was 100% and 0%. about half (42 ~ 57%) false-negative due to mediastinoscopy can not reach the lymph nodes. The video-assisted mediastinoscopy in the sensitivity of lymph node biopsy and false negative rates were 90 % and 7%.
N0 for the clinical diagnosis of NSCLC to mediastinoscopy, mediastinal lymph node metastasis, the sensitivity of diagnosis and false negative rates were 45% and 8%, found that about 15% of the patients had lymph node metastases. As lower false negative rate, it is recommended to exclude normal-sized mediastinal lymph nodes.
bronchoscopic needle aspiration biopsy (transbronchial needle aspiration, TBNA) bronchoscopic needle aspiration can be easily and safely in the clinic, and less serious complications. mainly used to evaluate the subcarinal lymph nodes, paratracheal lymph node biopsy has difficulty .80 ~ 90% of cases have access to adequate specimens.
Patelli other use of TBNA in the diagnosis of 194 patients with NSCLC mediastinal N2 lymph nodes , the sensitivity and accuracy were 71% and 73%. complication rate of about 2% -5%, including bleeding and pneumothorax.
Hermens integrated 17 clinical studies found that the sensitivity and TBNA false negative rates were 78% and 28%; specificity and false positive rates were 100% and 7%. TBNA and more used in CT scanning in patients with mediastinal lymph nodes, because of its high false negative, not suitable for normal size mediastinal lymph node biopsy, and negative results can not completely rule out lymph node metastasis.
bronchoscopy guided needle aspiration biopsy (endobronchial ultrasound needle aspiration, EBUS-NA) early in the EBUS-NA can not do real-time ultrasound guided bronchoscopic biopsy of mediastinal lymph node biopsy, with advances in technology have been able to do real-time guide the puncture process. can be safely puncture 1R, 1L, 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L, 7, and 10R and 10L. mediastinal lymph node to determine its sensitivity and specificity , respectively 90% and 24%.
a study of 100 patients diagnosed as stage Ⅰ NSCLC, application of EBUS-NA were 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L, 7, 10R, 10L, 11R and 11L lymph node biopsy and found 9 patients with lymph node metastasis, all patients underwent subsequent surgical resection, confirmed the clinical diagnosis of EBUS-NA Ⅰ lymph node metastasis of lung cancer the accuracy, specificity and negative predictive values were 89%, 100% and 98.9%. Tip EBUS-NA may be used to evaluate the normal size of the mediastinal lymph nodes. Real-time EBUS-NA performed 3 times on the same node biopsy, allows the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive values were increased to 98.4%, 95.3% and 97.6%.
by comparing EBUS-NA, and mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of NSCLC value of mediastinal lymph node metastasis prospective controlled study found that both the accuracy of N staging was no significant difference (93% vs 82%, P = 0.083), However, EBUS-NA of the sensitivity and negative predictive value were higher than the CM. Therefore, to determine paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes whether there is metastasis, EBUS-NA is better than the diagnostic value of mediastinoscopy.
esophageal Mirror ultrasound-guided needle aspiration biopsy (esophageal endoscopic ultrasound needle aspiration, EUS-NA) has high security, the probability of infection and bleeding is very low. EUS-NA groups of lymph nodes can be evaluated, especially for in section 9, 8,7 and 5 lymph node biopsy and the metastasis of the left adrenal gland, even the lymph nodes smaller than 1 cm in diameter can be accurately puncture. but because of the trachea, bronchus gas interference, EUS is usually unable to detect 1,2,3 and 4R group of lymph. but hard on the 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L reliable biopsy.
Detterbeck summed up the 16 EUS-NA of mediastinal lymph node staging in NSCLC line reports, the overall sensitivity and false negative rates were 84% and 19%; specificity and false positive rate was 99.5% and 0.4%. For the CT scan in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, EUS-NA sensitivity and false negative rates were 87% and 22%; specificity and false positive rate 98% and 2%. For the CT scan in patients with normal-sized mediastinal lymph nodes, EUS-NA sensitivity and false negative rates were 66% and 14%; specificity and false-positive rate was 100% and 0%.
EUS-FNA complications are rare, the occurrence rate of only 0.8%, and are fever, cough, sore throat, nausea and vomiting and other minor complications. So for CT in patients with lymph node-positive NSCLC, EUS-FNA is a safe, effective method for diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node. despite negative CT in the mediastinal lymph nodes when the sensitivity is low, but EUS-FNA or CT, can avoid a lot of negative results as a result of unnecessary thoracotomy.
yet No single imaging method can accurately evaluate the potential availability of NSCLC patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis, and a variety of invasive examination methods are dangerous and there is a special operation requires a certain skill, the choice of invasive staging methods, the technical equipment should be based on the hospital operator's skill level and the transfer of suspicious mediastinal lymph nodes depending on the specific site.
in actual clinical work, should first be enhanced chest CT scans, mediastinal lymph nodes are found, then the need for PET / CT examination, if no significant metabolic increase in mediastinal lymph nodes, the conventional surgical treatment for lung cancer; otherwise, in need of invasive inspection including TBNA, EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node biopsy TV to exclude N2 and N3. from the surface point of view, seems to increase the patient's hospital medical costs, but the health economics point of view, that is saving the government medical expenses, but also reduce the rate of unnecessary thoracotomy; particularly for PET / CT examinations showed false-positive mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with radical surgery offers the opportunity for treatment.
Zhi Xiuyi Director of lung cancer patient with special needs telephone booking:
,
Zhi Xiuyi CMU director of Capital University of Medical Oncology
Deputy Director, Department of Science and lung cancer, head cancer treatment center
Capital University of Medical Director and Director of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Medical Association
vice president of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Medical Branch of Chinese Medical Association, chairman of thoracic
CATS surgeon Branch Director
executive vice president and the Ministry of Health Clinical Pathway Audit Committee of Experts and Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, the team leader
special needs clinic hours: Mondays 8:30-11:30 am < br> Beijing 305 Hospital outpatient special needs: Every Thursday morning 9:00-11:00
a lung cancer TNM staging TNM staging system is
for diagnosis, treatment and clinical research of the accurately reflect the patient's condition, accurate prognosis.
1966 of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging of lung cancer since the enactment of the first edition, lung cancer TNM staging system revised total of five. At present the clinical application of the Clifton F . Mountain1997 enacted the American Cancer Association (American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC) TNM 5th edition of lung cancer staging system
2002 年 AJCC 6th edition without making any amendments.
Clifton F. Mountain 1997 on Lung Cancer TNM staging system version 5 is based on clinical data from the MD Anderson Cancer Center, a medical center (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 4,351 cases of lung cancer, National Cancer Institute study group 968 cases, a total of 5,319 cases), mostly for surgery treatment of cases, a longer time span (1975 to 1988). not fully reflect the real situation of the global lung cancer.
to reflect the results of the recent treatment of lung cancer and lung cancer staging system that has broad representation throughout the world, the 1998 International Study of Lung Cancer Association (IASLC) lung cancer staging Commission to proceed with the revision of the new staging system .1990 to 2000 worldwide (North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, a total of 19 countries) to collect the 100,869 patients with lung cancer data, which clearly pathological types, clinical stage, treatment and follow-up data complete new cases 81,015 cases, NSCLC 67725 cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 13290 patients. Through statistical analysis of the different TNM definitions, Seoul, Korea in 2007, the tenth second report of the World Lung Conference on Lung Cancer of the seventh edition of TNM staging system (2009) amendments. San Francisco in 2009, the Thirteenth General Assembly adopted the World of lung cancer and global implementation in 2010.
1, T stage amendments
on 67,725 cases with complete data NSCLC primary tumor effects of factors on the long-term survival analysis, recommendations will be
T1 into T1a (l2cm), T1b (> 2cm, l3cm); < br> the T2 into T2a (> 3cm, l5cm),
T2b (> 5cm, l7cm);
will> 7cm were defined as T3.
lobe primary tumors occur within the host satellite the same prognosis and other T3 nodules, where the non-primary tumor lobe metastases occur within the same prognosis and the other T4 is better than the M1. It is therefore recommended where the original tumor nodules found in lungs is defined as T3; ipsilateral non-primary lung nodules occur within defined T4.
2, N staging of regional lymph node status revised
clear staging and treatment of lung cancer a vital component in .40 years, cancer researchers around the world under the intrathoracic anatomic site of lymph nodes to locate the regional lymph nodes of lung cancer, and that use different numbers to draw a map to represent the regional lymph nodes of lung cancer clinical and pathological lymph node metastasis.
through accurate, unified regional lymph node nomenclature is the development of lung cancer TNM sub- period, evaluate the therapeutic results in various medical centers to compare the clinical results, the design and analysis of clinical research and patient treatment options for different key factors.
a history of lung cancer is the Naruke lymph node map developed in 1967 , the first widely used in North America, Europe and Japan.
American Thoracic Society (the American Thoracic Society, ATS) will Naruke map was revised and regional lymph node dissection area to do a more precise description of the formation of the ATS map, is widely used in North America.
1996 年 Mountain and Dresler Naruke map and ATS map will be integrated to develop a new map of regional lymph nodes of lung cancer MD-ATS map, and is used by AJCC and UICC. after being in North America and widely used in Europe.
1998 年, IASLC set up a committee to establish an international lung cancer staging database in the world in 2006 to collect 100,869 valid cases of lung cancer cases. Based on the results of the international lung cancer database analysis, IASLC proposed 7th edition AJCC TNM staging of lung cancer amendments.
database through the lymph node staging of lung cancer IASLC international data analysis, we found Naruke map and the MD-ATS map regional lymph node classification for lung cancer there is a big difference in the definition.
more important differences include, Naruke map Group 1 corresponds to MD-ATS map in group 1 and group 2; Naruke map the first set of the corresponding 2,3,4 R and 4L MD-ATS map 4R and 4L group; is of great significance is the MD-ATS map Group 7 (subcarinal lymph nodes) corresponds to the Naruke map 7 group and 10 groups, resulting in some lung cancer staging by MD-ATS map for the N2, IIIA period, while the Naruke map stage was N1, II period. < br> IASLC Committee to develop revised lung cancer staging regional lymph node map, the MD-ATS map and Naruke map integration, and for each group of lymph nodes provided a precise definition of anatomy.
beginning in 2009, IASLC will This standard within the world of lung cancer data collection for 7 years after the AJCC TNM staging of lung cancer 8 edition standards.
compared to MD-ATS map and Naruke map, IASLC map has some significant changes, Table 3. For all of the regional lymph nodes, IASLC map provides clear anatomical boundaries, particularly for group 1 to 10 lymph nodes were clearly defined upper and lower boundaries of each group of lymph nodes in order to avoid duplication.
now 4, and 10 lymph nodes back off as no longer boundaries of the pleura, but provided a clear anatomic landmarks can be more reliable in imaging, endoscopy and surgery were identified.
the clavicle and sternum fossa lymph node before the packet is not clear to distinguish intrathoracic lymph nodes, IASLC map to the provisions of Section 1. unified by clearly defined and the MD-ATS map between the Naruke map of group 2 and group 4 naming difference. < br> taking into account more often upper mediastinal lymph node drainage area in the trachea and often across the right side of the trachea midline, IASLC map requirements right the first section 2,4 2,4 group and the group left the line to the left wall of the trachea, not then follow the MD-ATS map to the center line as the boundary marks the trachea.
cancel Naruke map in Group 3 (covering the middle of the surface of the trachea) the definition of lymph nodes, because the parts of the lymph nodes are not easily and accurately than group 2 or Group 4 lymph nodes, and often systematic lymph node dissection in group 4 with en bloc resection of lymph nodes along with. retain and further defined the vascular front (ie the anterior mediastinum) 3a and tracheal lymph 3p.
the bulge lymph node group (MD-ATS map is defined as Group 7, Naruke map is divided into 7 groups and 10 groups) and provides a clear anatomical boundaries. Similarly, for the past confused the right and 4, Section 10 the left and 10 of Group 5 Group and the bilateral group and 11 of 10 lymph nodes, a clear delineation of anatomy.
previous literature on the different regions of the lymph node metastasis and overall survival analysis of the relationship between the trigger of a specific groups of lymph nodes merged into and radiation oncology practitioner or integration for increased cross-group analysis of lymph nodes for help.
Table 3. Naruke, MD-ATS and IASLC Lymph Node Map Comparison of anatomically
Naruke Map
MD-ATS Map
IASLC Map
# 1 root of the neck, clavicle and sternum on the fossa lymph
intrathoracic trachea 1 / 3 of the surrounding area. upper bound for the pleural or subclavian artery on the top edge of the lower bound the left brachiocephalic vein crossing the center line on the edge and the level of the trachea.
the upper edge of the left brachiocephalic vein and trachea area above the center line level crossing.
upper bounds: the lower edge of cricoid cartilage; lower bound: Bilateral clavicle, the middle of the manubrium margin; trachea midline, and this regional lymph nodes are divided into 1R 1L.
# 2 paratracheal lymph nodes
# 2 on the paratracheal lymph nodes
in group 1 and 4 groups.
the aortic arch margin above the level of tangent plane, the following lower bound of group 1 lymph node area of the mediastinal lymph nodes.
2R: upper bounds: the top of the right lung and pleural tip, the upper edge of the middle of the manubrium; lower bound: innominate vein and trachea and the lower edge of the intersection; in sector: the left edge of the trachea.
2L: upper bound: the top left apical pleura, on the edge of the middle of the manubrium; lower bound: the upper edge of the aortic arch.
# 3 tracheal blood vessels before the lymph nodes before and
# 3 tracheal tube after the lymph nodes
in front of group 1 below. # 3a anterior mediastinal lymph nodes,
# 3p mediastinal lymph nodes after airway.
lymph vessel is defined as before 3a, tracheal lymph nodes defined as 3p. in the middle ipsilateral lymph nodes were considered.
3a: the right side of the upper bound: pleural top, the lower bound: carina level, the former world: chest, back boundary: the left superior vena cava on the boundary edge
: pleural top , lower bound: carina level, the former world: chest, back boundary: left common carotid artery
3p: the upper bound: pleural top, the lower bound: carina level.
# 4 tracheobronchial lymph nodes
# 4
in the trachea carina lymph node on the right side of the inside of the azygos vein, left the inside of the aorta.
right in the middle right side of the trachea, aortic arch tangent plane on the edge of the level below, right upper lobe bronchus plane above the upper edge of the opening, including in the mediastinal pleura or less. the left side of the center line at the left side of the trachea, aortic arch tangent plane on the edge of the level below the left upper lobe bronchus on the edge of the opening above the level of arterial medial ligaments, including the mediastinal pleura or less. Youyi azygos vein arch level of the upper edge of the boundary is divided into 4s and 4i.
4R: including the right paratracheal lymph nodes and trachea before. the world: the intersection of innominate vein and trachea and the lower edge of the lower bound: azygos vein under edge.
4L: the left edge of the trachea between the ligaments and arteries. the world: on the edge of the aortic arch, the lower bound: the upper edge of the left pulmonary artery.
# 5 near the aortic arch arteries
ligament lymph nodes, located in the aortic arch and between the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary artery and the left lateral ligament, to the first branch of the left pulmonary artery, including within the mediastinal pleura.
artery lateral ligament lymph nodes. upper bounds: the lower edge of the aortic arch, the lower bound: the left pulmonary artery on the edge.
# 6
aortic lymph nodes along the ascending aorta, aortic arch lateral to the vagus nerve after the community.
located in the ascending aorta, aortic arch or the innominate artery and the outside front, in the aortic arch cutting edge level below the level.
ascending aorta and aortic arch anterior lateral lymph node. the world: cutting edge of the aortic arch and lower bounds: the lower edge of the aortic arch.
# 7 subcarinal lymph nodes in the subcarinal
.
in the lymph nodes below the carina, not related to the lower lobe bronchus and pulmonary artery.
upper bound: carina, the lower bound: the left lower lobe bronchus on the edge of the right bronchus to the lower edge of the middle of dry .
# 8
paraesophageal lymph nodes in the subcarinal lymph nodes below the surrounding esophagus.
lymph nodes near the esophagus, except for subcarinal lymph nodes.
in the esophageal surface, except for subcarinal lymph nodes. upper bound: the left lower lobe bronchus on the edge of the right bronchus to the lower edge of the middle dry, the lower bound: the diaphragm.
# 9 in the lower pulmonary ligament lymph nodes
pulmonary vein, the rear.
included in the pulmonary ligament , including the rear and below the lymph nodes.
pulmonary ligament lymph nodes. Upper Bound: inferior pulmonary vein, the lower bound: the diaphragm.
# 10 hilar lymph nodes
located around the left or the right main bronchus.
mediastinal pleura back off the roots of lymph nodes outside the lung. On the right side near the middle of dry bronchial
adjacent main bronchus and hilar vessels (including the distal pulmonary veins and the pulmonary artery). upper bound: the lower edge of the right side of the azygos vein, left the pulmonary artery on the edge of the lower bound: bilateral interlobar region.
# 11 leaves of the lymph nodes in the lobar bronchus
between:
# 11s: located on the middle between the bronchus, # 11i: located in between the lower lobe bronchus.
lobe bronchus is located between the openings between
lobe bronchus. # 11s: right upper lobe bronchus and intermediate between the dry, # 11i: right between the middle and lower lobe bronchus.
# 12 leaves in the leaf nodes
bronchi:
# 12u: the upper lobe bronchi,
# 12m: middle bronchi,
# 12l: lower lobe bronchi.
distal lobar bronchus lobar bronchus close to the surrounding lymph nodes
.
# 13 segments around the lymph nodes
segmental bronchi segmental bronchi segmental bronchi lymph node
lymph nodes.
# 14 sub-section of lymph node
subsegmental bronchi
subsegmental bronchi adjacent to sub-segmental bronchi.
3, M
Statistics found that the amendment stage, malignant pleural effusion and contralateral lung nodules 5 year survival rate was the same, only 2%, defined as M1a, other distant metastasis is defined as M1b. the TNM staging combinations, as shown in Table 4:
Table 4. IASLC recommended a new version of NSCLC TNM staging
N0
N1
N2
N3
M1a
M1b
T1a
Ⅰ A
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T1b
Ⅰ A
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T2a
Ⅰ B
Ⅱ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T2b
Ⅱ A
Ⅱ B
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T3
Ⅱ B
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
T4
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ A
Ⅲ B
Ⅲ B
Ⅳ
Ⅳ
Second, NSCLC mediastinal lymph node staging method Evaluation
no distant metastasis for NSCLC, a clear decision without mediastinal lymph node metastasis is a key factor in treatment of lung cancer mediastinal lymph node staging method N is divided into two non-invasive and invasive.
1, NSCLC mediastinal Non-invasive lymph node staging
past studies have shown that chest CT, CT scan images on the morphological features of mediastinal lymph nodes, such as the lymph node shape, density, degree of edge enhancement on the situation and determine whether the transfer has occurred not help much, only the size of lymph nodes CT diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis help.
CT diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes the size of the field value has not yet have a unified opinion, at present mostly in the axial CT, and lymph node short axis diameter g1cm CT diagnosis of lymph node metastasis as the standard.
1991 to 2006 with complete data of 35 clinical studies, a total of 5111 cases of NSCLC, mediastinal lymph node metastasis was found in 28% (18 ~ 56%), CT mediastinal lymph nodes to determine the overall sensitivity and specificity were 51% and 86%.
two large meta-analysis to determine mediastinal lymph node metastasis CT sensitivity and specificity were 61%, 79% and 64%, 74%. Although chest CT to determine the accuracy of mediastinal lymph node metastasis and not high, but it is the best of mediastinal non-invasive anatomical methods, mediastinal lymph nodes can provide more information for suspicious lymph nodes targeted for further invasive inspection to improve the diagnostic accuracy and guide the surgical dissection.
positron emission tomography (PET) PET through quantitative analysis of glucose metabolism in tissues and cells to determine the benign and malignant lesions, with a high degree of sensitivity, the drawback is the spatial resolution is not high, only a new generation of PET spatial resolution 7 ~ 10 mm .2001 PET / CT advent of integrated PET's high sensitivity and high resolution CT, and quickly became a variety of tumor diagnosis and staging of the best non-invasive imaging methods.
18F-deoxy glucose (18 F-FDG) is currently the only recognized mediastinal staging of lung cancer imaging agent for positron. in order to change glucose metabolism in the cell as a roadmap, 18F-FDG can be sensitive to show a variety of lymph nodes and the pathological change .18 F- FDG PET may be sensitive to the detection of normal-sized lymph nodes, effectively reducing ineffective chest. University of diagnosis and treatment of cancer Multidisciplinary Center statistics show, PET images that reflect the metabolic information of 72.2% making the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
for CT scan of mediastinal lymph nodes of cases, PET sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 78%. In other words, PET to determine the accuracy of high metastatic lymph nodes enlarged, but there are nearly 1 / 4 of the false positive, granulomatous and inflammatory diseases, mostly.
1994 ~ 2006 年 44 clinical studies with complete data, a total of 2,865 cases of NSCLC, mediastinal lymph node metastasis rate was 29%, PET mediastinal N staging of NSCLC to determine the sensitivity and specificity were 74% and 85%, 20% of normal-sized lymph nodes were false negative PET scans.
a comparison of PET / CT and PET for staging of lung cancer diagnosis study shows PET / CT sensitivity and specificity significantly better than PET, were 85% and 84% vs 70% and 69%.
2, NSCLC mediastinal lymph node staging
invasive mediastinoscopy (Mediastinoscopy) mediastinoscopy is mediastinal lymph node staging in NSCLC ; gold standard , 4L, 4R and 7 lymph nodes before carina biopsies. but can not reach 3A, 3P, 5,6, 7,8,9 post carina lymph nodes. should routinely check the 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L and 7 groups lymph node. on the 5,6 group before the implementation of lymph node biopsy be mediastinotomy (Chamberlain operation), expanded by cervical mediastinoscopy incision can replace the anterior mediastinal lymph node biopsies of 5,6.
video-assisted mediastinal mirror technology to expand the traditional scope of mediastinoscopy in the exploration, application of video-assisted mediastinoscopy now have to complete systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy.
the sensitivity of mediastinoscopy lymph node biopsy and false negative rates were 80% and 10% specificity and false-positive rate was 100% and 0%. about half (42 ~ 57%) false-negative due to mediastinoscopy can not reach the lymph nodes. The video-assisted mediastinoscopy in the sensitivity of lymph node biopsy and false negative rates were 90 % and 7%.
N0 for the clinical diagnosis of NSCLC to mediastinoscopy, mediastinal lymph node metastasis, the sensitivity of diagnosis and false negative rates were 45% and 8%, found that about 15% of the patients had lymph node metastases. As lower false negative rate, it is recommended to exclude normal-sized mediastinal lymph nodes.
bronchoscopic needle aspiration biopsy (transbronchial needle aspiration, TBNA) bronchoscopic needle aspiration can be easily and safely in the clinic, and less serious complications. mainly used to evaluate the subcarinal lymph nodes, paratracheal lymph node biopsy has difficulty .80 ~ 90% of cases have access to adequate specimens.
Patelli other use of TBNA in the diagnosis of 194 patients with NSCLC mediastinal N2 lymph nodes , the sensitivity and accuracy were 71% and 73%. complication rate of about 2% -5%, including bleeding and pneumothorax.
Hermens integrated 17 clinical studies found that the sensitivity and TBNA false negative rates were 78% and 28%; specificity and false positive rates were 100% and 7%. TBNA and more used in CT scanning in patients with mediastinal lymph nodes, because of its high false negative, not suitable for normal size mediastinal lymph node biopsy, and negative results can not completely rule out lymph node metastasis.
bronchoscopy guided needle aspiration biopsy (endobronchial ultrasound needle aspiration, EBUS-NA) early in the EBUS-NA can not do real-time ultrasound guided bronchoscopic biopsy of mediastinal lymph node biopsy, with advances in technology have been able to do real-time guide the puncture process. can be safely puncture 1R, 1L, 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L, 7, and 10R and 10L. mediastinal lymph node to determine its sensitivity and specificity , respectively 90% and 24%.
a study of 100 patients diagnosed as stage Ⅰ NSCLC, application of EBUS-NA were 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L, 7, 10R, 10L, 11R and 11L lymph node biopsy and found 9 patients with lymph node metastasis, all patients underwent subsequent surgical resection, confirmed the clinical diagnosis of EBUS-NA Ⅰ lymph node metastasis of lung cancer the accuracy, specificity and negative predictive values were 89%, 100% and 98.9%. Tip EBUS-NA may be used to evaluate the normal size of the mediastinal lymph nodes. Real-time EBUS-NA performed 3 times on the same node biopsy, allows the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive values were increased to 98.4%, 95.3% and 97.6%.
by comparing EBUS-NA, and mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of NSCLC value of mediastinal lymph node metastasis prospective controlled study found that both the accuracy of N staging was no significant difference (93% vs 82%, P = 0.083), However, EBUS-NA of the sensitivity and negative predictive value were higher than the CM. Therefore, to determine paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes whether there is metastasis, EBUS-NA is better than the diagnostic value of mediastinoscopy.
esophageal Mirror ultrasound-guided needle aspiration biopsy (esophageal endoscopic ultrasound needle aspiration, EUS-NA) has high security, the probability of infection and bleeding is very low. EUS-NA groups of lymph nodes can be evaluated, especially for in section 9, 8,7 and 5 lymph node biopsy and the metastasis of the left adrenal gland, even the lymph nodes smaller than 1 cm in diameter can be accurately puncture. but because of the trachea, bronchus gas interference, EUS is usually unable to detect 1,2,3 and 4R group of lymph. but hard on the 2R, 2L, 4R, 4L reliable biopsy.
Detterbeck summed up the 16 EUS-NA of mediastinal lymph node staging in NSCLC line reports, the overall sensitivity and false negative rates were 84% and 19%; specificity and false positive rate was 99.5% and 0.4%. For the CT scan in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, EUS-NA sensitivity and false negative rates were 87% and 22%; specificity and false positive rate 98% and 2%. For the CT scan in patients with normal-sized mediastinal lymph nodes, EUS-NA sensitivity and false negative rates were 66% and 14%; specificity and false-positive rate was 100% and 0%.
EUS-FNA complications are rare, the occurrence rate of only 0.8%, and are fever, cough, sore throat, nausea and vomiting and other minor complications. So for CT in patients with lymph node-positive NSCLC, EUS-FNA is a safe, effective method for diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node. despite negative CT in the mediastinal lymph nodes when the sensitivity is low, but EUS-FNA or CT, can avoid a lot of negative results as a result of unnecessary thoracotomy.
yet No single imaging method can accurately evaluate the potential availability of NSCLC patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis, and a variety of invasive examination methods are dangerous and there is a special operation requires a certain skill, the choice of invasive staging methods, the technical equipment should be based on the hospital operator's skill level and the transfer of suspicious mediastinal lymph nodes depending on the specific site.
in actual clinical work, should first be enhanced chest CT scans, mediastinal lymph nodes are found, then the need for PET / CT examination, if no significant metabolic increase in mediastinal lymph nodes, the conventional surgical treatment for lung cancer; otherwise, in need of invasive inspection including TBNA, EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node biopsy TV to exclude N2 and N3. from the surface point of view, seems to increase the patient's hospital medical costs, but the health economics point of view, that is saving the government medical expenses, but also reduce the rate of unnecessary thoracotomy; particularly for PET / CT examinations showed false-positive mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with radical surgery offers the opportunity for treatment.
Zhi Xiuyi Director of lung cancer patient with special needs telephone booking:
,
Zhi Xiuyi CMU director of Capital University of Medical Oncology
Deputy Director, Department of Science and lung cancer, head cancer treatment center
Capital University of Medical Director and Director of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Medical Association
vice president of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Medical Branch of Chinese Medical Association, chairman of thoracic
CATS surgeon Branch Director
executive vice president and the Ministry of Health Clinical Pathway Audit Committee of Experts and Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, the team leader
special needs clinic hours: Mondays 8:30-11:30 am < br> Beijing 305 Hospital outpatient special needs: Every Thursday morning 9:00-11:00
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Tan Zuoren in the end is what kind of person (ZT) 4
A year ago, Tan Zuoren wrote this article; year later, he of hometown of Beichuan disasters
Tan Zuoren
I would like to guilty, not guilty you dedicate 5.12 mm
dedicated to the children of the earthquake victims
one great misfortune of Beichuan sorrow
For the North River, I am a sinner.
two years ago, the North River intellectuals kind invitation to the North River, to help plan Yu in cultural tourism and tourism, also inspect the construction of power plants and bamboo, Ping Xuan Dam power plant officials and the public debate. I the face of thousands under the rubble of Beichuan Middle School should not wither creatures, I do not have remorse. I vowed to use the pen for them to seek justice. But two months ago, I can not write a word, I eat their words , dishonest. I am a sinner in Beichuan.
not make me no matter what the excuse acquittal. North River, in the face of your century disaster, facing the back of your history, I can only deeply regret. I want my the endless lament for you, also dedicated to my self-righteous do not repent of the Han Chinese brothers.
mountains towering gantry, please prove: my speech, from the facts; my confession, from sincere.
every place, there is a history of disasters; and disaster history of the North River, buried history of a bear.
Kitagawa, hometown and the ancient town as Yu, the great catastrophe experienced two disasters, and therefore triggered twice the population crisis. a civil war in 1935, Red Baier Jun fierce battle the whole 100 days of Beichuan, after the total population of the North River dropped from 4.6 million to 2.5 million, the county all temples destroyed the village streets. Another is the 5.12 earthquake in Beichuan. the disaster, leading to nearly 40,000 in Beichuan county lost more than half the total population, the survivors are less than 0.6 million people registered. In particular, those tragic, Beichuan only casualties in the thousands of students, aged 3 to 17 years children almost out of stock, in fact, unprecedented human disaster!
in these major catastrophe, how many natural disasters, many man-made, its own history of note. based on facts and judgments, abandon preconceived value judgments, let us Review of history to see Beichuan County, the great catastrophe of the whole process twice in order to clarify the historical responsibility to future generations to leave the experience and lessons of history.
a history who is a responsible man-made disasters
1935 年 1 month, fled the base of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi Central Red Army in Guizhou Zunyi Conference was held to determine the million troops have been less electricity so that the Central Red Army squad of thousands of Red Fourth Army Fourth Army commander tao electrical connection, then gave up the business for many years in the Sichuan-Shaanxi broad base, leaving Tongnanba, north west team in April 12, 1935 by the Jiangyou Gan River (Yuan Wangdong) into Beichuan County environment.
the Red Army after their entry, side to intercept the 14 million Sichuan army pursuit, hastily arranged last 73 days of the Thousand Buddha Mountain (Tumen) campaign; side of the local tyrants and points of land, mobilize the masses supporting the front of Beichuan. Red Fourth Army in the North initiated ethnic equality, ethnic regional autonomy policy, the creation of the Chinese Soviet Yu Lisuweiai Rural Northwest Federal Government (Governance City) shortly after the Red Army in the Aba and Ganzi sand were the People's Republic was established Spengler, Boba People's Republic, that is, Effectiveness - the establishment of and transportation and battlefield army rescue team, the county is almost all young adults into battle, and actively expand the red with red, made great contributions to the war.
1935 年 6 12, the Fourth Army completed attract Sichuan army, blocking Sichuan army, covering the Central Red Army force a strategic task of the Dadu River, over the Keung Shan, Gong Mao and the Central Red Army joined forces in late May .6, the Red Army began to leave the territory of the North River. In Beichuan children, with the Red Army embarked on the Long March, most of whom never came back .1953, the North River as .
Red Army retreated, to prevent Sichuan army pursued the implementation of invading along the way, set fire to all take away food, burning all bridges and streets. Shiniu mountain, was built in the Tang Dynasty, the Millennium Yu Temple, also destroyed by fire being. Kwai River within the county, Pass, and consistent Ling, all dams, open bar, a small dam, mouth pieces, peach Lung, Yu, the pier, the dam end of the first temple bar, the manger, even white, Ma Wo , blue chip and other 17 streets and villages, all were burnt, causing more than 6,000 within the market town of 1,260 residents and farmers, a total of 10,000 people without food to eat, homeless.
pursuit of Sichuan army followed after entry vigorously engaged in retaliation, killing, where expenditure red workers, activists were killed, a few days when the Soviet cadres is exterminate the whole family, into the woods. January, less than the territory of more than 2,000 people in Beichuan were killed. Large After the massacre, plague, famine followed, epidemic, resulting in population decline of several half of Beichuan, some affluent areas to become no man's land. Kuomintang, said Fung Hong of Beichuan County: North River from the bandits were after, but also suffer the ravages of war, the loss is huge, is impossible to account. Along the quiet road off sparsely, that is, the portrayal here.
1935 年 12 April to 23 July, the Red Army presence hundred days, resulting in refractory Beichuan years. Later, General Wei traditional singing: evidence, the North Chuannu force for over 50 years, until 2003, it became the last of a minority autonomous county.
Buddha Quanshan battlefield site is now clearly visible, destroyed the temple and village sites vivid Yu, was the Red Army from carving and White Army was destroyed in the Ming Dynasty Gou Mountain chiseled monument mountain peak, especially since memory (also known as Yu monument, a large Yugong De monument. 700 Kedou Wen original monument, only the remaining 25 characters) as the Longmen disaster of 1935 made history testimony. < br> Second, the North River Elegy
should not have happened in Beichuan, Sichuan is located in the middle of Longmen Mountains northwest of the south central area of heavy rain is Longmen. county area 2869.18KM2, of which mountainous area 2834.73KM2, accounting for link with a total area of 98.8%. District the only blue-chip junction of River and Baicaohe openings River (Jian Jiang, Fu River right bank tributaries, hydropower development has been planned 20) have a small valley basin, nearly all of the mountains. in the Longmen Shan fault zone in North River is the main central Longmen Shan fault zone mm Yingxiu Beichuan fault (about 320KM) the starting point, there had been 6.2 earthquake in 1958, has always been set to the earthquake fault zone Ⅶ minimum security area. Qushan new county of Beichuan River fed up with pagodas in the town of flood openings above the city along the layout, with a total area of only 1.6 square kilometers. Seventeen three towns under the jurisdiction of the county town, inhabited by the Qiang, Han, Tibetan, Hui and other seventeen people, the total population of 16.06 million people. Among them, the Native Qiang 9.1 million, 56.7% of the total population, as the only Qiang Autonomous County.
within the beautiful mountains of Beichuan, a good ecological environment, abundant natural and human tourism resources. In addition to the North River were Hometown proud Yu, Qiang culture, old revolutionary base areas, there are giant pandas, golden monkeys and other diverse wildlife resources, and Yuanwang Dong, Thousand Buddha Mountain, Xiaozhaizigou, Longmen standard Devonian strata profile of tourism resources such as high-grade, suitable for diverse experiences based integrated development of tourist products.
Nevertheless, history has opened in Beichuan joke. Beichuan good simple people do not wait until the big Yu Rongguang the light, wait until the Red Army did not repay the favor, do not enjoy the fruits of modern civilization, there is no economic development of mountain ecosystems looked forward to a good time to be bailing can not escape natural disasters, broken way out, broken dreams.
tragedy of Beichuan, the county seat moved from the beginning .
1950 年 1 month, then the Red Army, now the People's Liberation Army, returned to the city of Beichuan mm rule, completed a 15-year appointment. At that time the county government for military control and security, starting in 1951 Qu building in Beichuan County to the security of the North Town Road (later extended to North Mau road) .1952 on Highway marble, Mianyang, closer to the county government had to give up one thousand three hundred and seventy four years old, located in the North River valley, the terrain is relatively wide flat rule city has set aside in the ex Yu on own people in the county seat moved in September that year only 79 320 people, facing the water, surrounded by the mountain terrain of a narrow mountain town song (located in the narrow valley gorge port, the ancient mountain music set off) for the 2008 earthquake in Beichuan, a city default crash death trap.
from the county seat moved, the local spread of the In Folk Legends .1958 February 8, North River 6.2 earthquake occurred in Di (micro-epicenter for the term of the present Red Shifang town of Gold River), Great Leap Forward, the political situation at the time, no one knows the earthquake damage and casualties .1959 years, some local cadres to move back to the city government's motion is not approved on February 8 .1961 Beichuan 4.7 earthquake from happening again, casualties unknown. So since 1959, it was proposed to continue to move back to the county town government site, but unfortunately were rejected, resulting in a number of Beichuan people lost the opportunity of escape.
Longmen Shan fault zone, seismic activity is frequent in the active fault zone since 1169 to have a destructive earthquake occurred more than 5.0 26 (6.0 and above 20), with an average of 32 years / time. Tangshan earthquake before, away from the North River less than 200KM radius, have occurred in 1933 in Wenchuan Diexi magnitude 7.5 in 1958, Shifang Gold River 6.2, 1970 Dayi 6.3 magnitude earthquake and other earthquakes, have occurred in the late seventies Song Pan Pingwu 7.2 1976 earthquake swarm in 1977 Maowen 4.2 earthquake, 5.4 earthquake in 1978, Blackwater, 1978 Qionglai 4.4 earthquake, 1981 Pengzhou Tai Po 4.5 earthquake in 1999 Mianzhu Hanwang 5.0 earthquake swarm, and so on. The earthquake affected Beichuan, causing Beichuan panic, required to move the city is growing. Beichuan county government, many times to higher levels of government to fight the report, City proposed to move the motion. Beichuan investigation after many experts also think that the Beichuan County is located in the central Longmen main fault seismic zone, the county surrounding steep terrain, dense points of geological disasters, disasters great body, very dangerous.
1986 年to 1987, many of Beichuan, Mianyang City, the Geological Society of experts invited to visit, survey and demonstrates the need to move the city. because of some Italian experts insisted on adhering to relocation costs, the city moved the motion be set aside In 1988, the North River had just been applied for decades, hopeless, North Sichuan people had to think of ways to spot. From 90 onwards, the administrative center of Beichuan county began to move Jian Mao dam across the river, leaving the old city area schools, hospitals, residential and commercial streets. To prevent regular roll Wang Shi old rock down the mountain the event of major disaster, were carried out Zhilv slope, piling support, blocking stone Bolkan Danger measures and other projects, but frequent small earthquakes occurred in the rainy season in particular, small earthquakes, leading to the mountains or the Rolling Stones flying stone street, wounding occurs. Beichuan to do nothing to escape from the active, low-built house from the scary to the thinking of hemp, and finally escape no escape, waiting for death door, so to perfect the synthesis of natural disasters.
2008 年May 12, unfortunately, who watched the North River for many years the legend of Jian Jiang, the overall direction of translation more than 200 meters, patron of music consumed Hill Street, burying almost the entire old city. the Old City area, few people escape. Mau dam side of the new urban landscape Jiashan a large area of the mountain collapsed, collapse the body 300 Articles pound is located in the , including the county government, including a large number of buildings collapsed, causing heavy casualties.
5.12 day meeting is to Mianyang, Beichuan county party secretary Song knew the Beichuan was making dumplings. Song Shuji back to Beichuan, the original people of the county public security bureau 144, only 47 survive; County Detention Center 42 soldiers and 35 prisoners were buried; and 160 county hospitals, only 4. Beichuan, however heroic people, cadres and the masses as one, unity, self-help. In the afternoon, sending five batches of personnel in distress, still can not wait for the case of Mianyang, the official relief to only have less than 1 / 3 of the cadres of the North River County four groups, led more than 2,000 people survived the implementation of the emergency transfer of self-help and security.
22KM away from the new county seat of Beichuan's original old town of Beichuan town government (Yu-ri), except in the 5.12 earthquake was subjected to Tangjiashan barrier lake PRELIMINARY Lake flooded, the Housing construction is relatively small loss, the safety of the transfer.
Beichuan County crash proved, once errors are found, must be corrected as soon as possible, so as not to lead to disaster. Even the legacy of the previous generation historical error, it should be someone responsible, it was corrected. if not corrected, not as bound to lead to accidents, disasters will come to place greater reality.
know disaster is not a refuge, resulting in an instant gone home video, Castle Peak night white head, which is man-made or natural disasters?
Third, the scourge of disaster in the disaster in the human tragedy of the disaster
is among the natural disasters, man-made ambush.
a mistake, you can make; an error can be corrected; a series of errors constitute a causal chain, will lead to disaster, disaster. It is based on this understanding, after returning from the North River, May 19 In an interview with Sichuan earthquake is more than man-made disaster started two days, I always thought was the hardest-hit Wenchuan disaster .5 14 I went to the Wenchuan driving, but was resistance in the Dujiangyan. In Dujiangyan city, I found that damage to buildings, the most serious damage , collapse the most radical, even the school premises! these completely collapsed school buildings, and the surrounding part of the collapsed or partially damaged or intact residential areas, in sharp contrast! the contrast of the large, want to turn a blind eye can not. < br> 5 16, in the Town of Beichuan County, music, facing the crushing collapse of Beichuan Middle School's main teaching building, the overall decline in new two-classroom building, laboratory building section collapsed, more than ten meters away from the main building is in good condition destructive of the old school building built in the 70 mm and reported as two, three years ago the old dilapidated building, and not far from the teachers quarters slightly damaged, I am completely speechless. The fact that evidence. the facts better than evidence.
North River is an earthquake prone area. Here, in north people know that there can not avoid the disaster coming, hide no place to hide, keep track of. Beichuan not reach the majority of buildings intensity repairable, rare earthquake not down, down but not collapsed, , not reinforced, resulting in an earthquake occurs, the collapse of large areas of housing, or crushing collapse, causing heavy casualties, especially in young children and school students a large number of casualties, this is not a man-made, what is?
terrible natural disasters, but also can not be countered ; man-made but it is hateful, hateful, shameful, despicable, more pathetic mm man-made disaster victims to become victimizers, including the common victims, including unnecessary.
in Beichuan, one of the Beichuan Middle School teachers is dead to me softly tells parents: yes. of parents described in detail in the 96 ~ 98 when the main teaching building construction br> I accidentally the development of events: the official also acknowledged that school shabby start problem, and promised to seriously track down, then who are all denied, not only the use of propaganda to confuse right and wrong, even the use of repressive state machinery to suppress for justice for children parents who raised the question some time ago arrested punished people (including my friend, Mr. Liu Shaokun and Huang Qi). Maybe some people really think that using high pressure pressing, set an example, unable to pronounce the voice of victims to cover up the crime can be in the past.
I would like to ask: When individuals rise to the accountability of schools shabby and criminals stand? not want to show that China's legislation is not to judicial enforcement of social justice, but only for those in power service? not want to show that China now is only the power to build, not responsible; only crime, no rule of law; only political parties, not people; only bayonets, there is no special social speech?
who is resisting the democratic rule of law, should G problems, dig the country money, the suspect fled the responsibility, to play cards the government, do your own business, is actually put into a man-made natural disasters and man-made artificially expanded the number of times again. This social nature the government agencies, can not evade responsibility. I think that the people at all levels of government, owes the world a truth, lack of an accountable society, but also due to all the earthquake victims of a son. aside the issue whether earthquake prediction at least the following questions, the Government has a responsibility to tell people: 1) the construction of large reservoirs in seismic belt of the geological environment and safety issues; 2), seismic fortification standards put in place civil issues; 3), schools, hospitals public oversight and other public buildings, earthquake fortification, building classifications and construction standards.
problems in school, I was silent for two months, is not afraid to write, but Beichuan, said Mr. Tang Shilin We have had promises. Now, I want to re-hold it supremely even pick up a pen to the pen mm die, I no regrets.
Please Longmenshan testify.
four Keung Shan silent cheating the system
no doubt that the earthquake was not a direct result of the earthquake casualties, but the building. quake could cause houses to collapse, resulting in casualties. qualified earthquake resistant buildings, a small loss of life; failure of earthquake resistant buildings, more casualties more. If the town site is unreasonable, if the failure of public buildings, and even jerry shabby, if there is no reasonable system of earthquake disaster reduction and pre-qualified three mechanisms (forecasting, prediction, prevention), a large building when the earthquake area of collapse, causing a large number of casualties is inevitable thing.
5.12 earthquake, Wenchuan and Beichuan can be used as a model for two different regions, to study the real causes of natural disasters. Over the years, also known as the Wenchuan Yu hometown, but the Wenchuan as the Ⅶ minimum security zone earthquake in Beichuan County, has more than 100 km from the epicenter, is more than 70% of the houses collapsed, more than 50% casualties. did not know such a strong contrast, the Department is not certain who invented and adhere to the guiding ideology, Less than fortification, particularly in public buildings is so; (3) North River some public buildings, especially the quality of school buildings have serious problems, some are shabby, at least so Beichuan Middle School. These basic facts should be negative to the whole society was responsibility to.
these basic facts, through the conscience of the majority of domestic public media from the things.
early as December 30, 1999, seismic zone, earthquake zone and the Anning River Longmenshan seismic belt, and to Wenchuan, Beichuan, Qingchuan prevention as a key monitoring areas. The planning ten years ago, has the next 20 years in the tri-state area may be destructive earthquake occurred many times to make a more accurate long-term forecasts, and established the year, quarter, month, ten days, weeks, and internal reporting system in consultation with forecasts. In recent years, both within and outside the system, the medium-term earthquake prediction on the short-impending prediction and information as many as dozens. But since there are projections, why not forecast and prevent it?
1998 年 12 17, by the State Council issued the medium-term forecast, issued by the State Council. : earthquake prediction, forecasting and prevention, are two different powers, the first power belongs to the professional functions, and the second power belongs to the public administration. The institutional arrangements under a huge hidden ambush is: Even if the professional departments have science forecasts, nor unauthorized release, but should be subordinated to public power sector, non-scientific factors in the decision-making. Sometimes these public decision-making, particularly the small probability of unexpected events should occur in a big hurry (such as natural disasters, community events, accidents, etc.), to live can not the people. this arrangement may result in pre-and unexpected, rather than measuring reported, reported without defense, without force against the serious consequences of a major earthquake occurred .5.12, is one of typical cases.
5.12 before the earthquake, according to Zipingpu Reservoir detected 04-05 years after the 735 earthquake records (unpublished two years), the reservoir and the Sichuan earthquake earthquake administration The earthquake has made the accurate medium-term or even short-term prediction. but because of the lack of magnitude estimates (reported to be 5.0 ~ 5.5) and became a technical error. resulted in the decision-making departments underestimate the errors underestimated the consequences of the earthquake, resulting in the non-fat early-warning decision-making mistakes, which led to serious social consequences. see the current .
the bane of man-made, not people, but what is the system is not perfect and the mechanism is unreasonable. system flaw led to the man-made, so that victims and perpetrators, both officials and the public together to become victims. the Chinese system trap, has become the biggest bottleneck in the development, the offside trap to public power, public policy dislocation, absence of public oversight, public interests, the various public buildings are not subject to oversight and shoddy and corruption, as against public the safety of dangerous goods.
natural disasters and man-made calamities in the conspiracy, a murdered child in Beichuan in China's two knives; before a knife can hurt; then a man-made disasters of the knife, is the real deadly.
this everything, like a satire and should not occur in Yu hometown. Keung Shan silent.
V. Yu Beichuan students can be as conclusive
Yu, one of the Chinese human ancestor, Yan Huang, a Chinese civilization later founder. According to Historical Records, flood control, and rejuvenating the country, creating Jiuzhou, unified China, the first unified Chinese nation is the founder of dynasty.
Han Yang Xiong, Beichuan County, New Village, Shi Yu Shi Township, New Hill, is the birth place of Yu. Since ancient times, Stone Mountain New Zealand is considered a sacred place, not within a hundred mile radius of farming or living. Even if the crime were sneak in, and shall not enter the official arrest, three years after this Qianxiu be forgiven. Yu Township, the point has not been allocated Yu ditch, cut open child floors, wash the children pool, hope Chongshan (Yu parent Gun, No. Chong Pak) , Yu Temple, Gou Mountain mountain peak Monument (Monument of Yu Gong), sites, is the Longmen Mountains as Minshan Jian water, Minshan guide Jiang, Da Tung Do not, water and prosperous, pesticides Hennessy, its early activities, in Beichuan, Wenchuan, Dujiangyan ancient Munsan County places, and in the formation of a hometown Yu cultural zone. Xiachuan Zai, home world. Since the beginning of the Xia and Shang, Yu to people Learning the history of the West Hing process. so also the sage Confucius of Confucianism as a catholic to positive Yu, impeccable perfect, Chan said: Yu, seamless then I carry on. Baoqin, the sovereignty of human rights than authoritarian nationalism and cultural populism replaced the feudal autocracy > built in Beichuan County, eight in the Tang Dynasty (AD 634) to Yu stone monuments in New Zealand and Oasis from each of the word, composed of Shiquan County (634 ~ 1914), the city was in the governance of the city (in 1992 renamed Yu ), called the old town of Beichuan, one thousand three hundred and seventy years have elapsed since the historic (if Zhou Jian County dollars, when the one thousand four hundred and forty years). Tang Dynasty from the county when the county built a mile southeast of the stone Yu Temple in New York built a mountain, as one of the earliest .1935 Yu Temple, the Stone Temple New York, because of man-made mountain and engulfed Yu (2002 reconstruction), resulting in activities of traditional folk festival was forced to go to Yu Yu Yu Mizoguchi palace temple (built in the Qianlong, was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, 1994 reconstruction). Beichuan and June sixth days of spring and autumn each year birthday Yu, Yu Festival activities are to be held every year continues, has continued. Yu Chong Yu in the wind of the Millennium we do not, the territory of the North River in addition to Yu Yu Outside the temple built in the old town, Yu hole, mouth piece, the end dam, mountain music, openings, Chenjiaba other places, but also built the temple or Yu Yu palace, passing Yu Hometown long history and cultural heritage. So Beichuan, and the people pure and honest and simple, hard-working good people.
years, Yu hometown of Beichuan County, representing the old, small, side, four blocks of the poor (the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas Chief marginal areas, poor areas) .1935 northwest of the Red Army initiated the federal government in the regional ethnic autonomy, the first autonomous policy, the first Yu Lisuweiai Township. But after 50 years of continuous efforts, the North River was in July 2003, approved the establishment of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, the National Minority Autonomous County, the last one, the only Qiang Autonomous County, caught the last train to the Ethnic Autonomous County. only this, reflecting the traditional culture of the red regime do not pay attention to the ethnic minorities do not respect.
bitter experience, after the destruction of 5.12 Beichuan, Yu hometown of Beichuan those in power, there should be some shame. the people's government, the people of the North River, you should apologize, then apologize, then accountability, not just training money things.
six voices telling Longmen Mountains
four thousand years, was born in the south central Longmen Mountains hinterland of the North River Rock Knob Yu, it is impossible to imagine, and now look like scars Longmen Mountains.
5.12, after the earthquake, according to aerial observation, after the Longmen Mountain, the Minjiang River Valley line, the green coverage of less than 20%. has been formed and sandy arid valley of Minjiang River corridor, after this great misfortune, is being accelerated degradation, will become the Chengdu Plain dust storm sources. Longmenshan three mines south of the starting point of the railway station Pengzhou Big Treasure, Gold River Shifang, Mianzhu Han Wang, the connection is the Longmen Shan fault zone of the surface toward the central line. in these industrial areas is also a historical earthquake-prone areas inside, and now has disembowelling, devastation, local industrial and mining losses. which have occurred in 1958, 6.2 earthquake in Shifang Gold River rock, the death of 225 people and injuring 157 people occurred in the year 1999 5.0 Hanwang Mianzhu devastating earthquake, and now there are three schools of the school collapse occurred only in the primary casualties more than 1,000 people. Long front of the fault zone and piedmont terraces, is rich in densely populated areas, the earthquake caused large-scale housing collapsed, causing a large number of casualties.
5.12 2473 China earthquake caused water damage to water facilities (including Sichuan, nearly 2000). Longmenshan earthquake damaged more than 1000 hydropower facilities, earthquake loss rate of 100%. Mianyang 825 reservoirs, earthquake damage 627 (76%), high-risk reservoirs 178 (28%), of which 38 are dangerous break; and neighboring Beichuan County, 187 Reservoir Jiangyou 100% damage, cracks, settlement , deformation, leakage dangers, including 19 with dam dangerous. Minjiang River valley, and more than 9 Minjiang River Zipingpu dam dangerous situation. According to observation, near the dam, most of the areas worst earthquake damage. Large dam collapsed near the mountain are often very serious, leading to more power stations were buried, resulting in heavy casualties water and electricity sector, a huge loss of property.
forces of nature ...
Tan Zuoren
I would like to guilty, not guilty you dedicate 5.12 mm
dedicated to the children of the earthquake victims
one great misfortune of Beichuan sorrow
For the North River, I am a sinner.
two years ago, the North River intellectuals kind invitation to the North River, to help plan Yu in cultural tourism and tourism, also inspect the construction of power plants and bamboo, Ping Xuan Dam power plant officials and the public debate. I the face of thousands under the rubble of Beichuan Middle School should not wither creatures, I do not have remorse. I vowed to use the pen for them to seek justice. But two months ago, I can not write a word, I eat their words , dishonest. I am a sinner in Beichuan.
not make me no matter what the excuse acquittal. North River, in the face of your century disaster, facing the back of your history, I can only deeply regret. I want my the endless lament for you, also dedicated to my self-righteous do not repent of the Han Chinese brothers.
mountains towering gantry, please prove: my speech, from the facts; my confession, from sincere.
every place, there is a history of disasters; and disaster history of the North River, buried history of a bear.
Kitagawa, hometown and the ancient town as Yu, the great catastrophe experienced two disasters, and therefore triggered twice the population crisis. a civil war in 1935, Red Baier Jun fierce battle the whole 100 days of Beichuan, after the total population of the North River dropped from 4.6 million to 2.5 million, the county all temples destroyed the village streets. Another is the 5.12 earthquake in Beichuan. the disaster, leading to nearly 40,000 in Beichuan county lost more than half the total population, the survivors are less than 0.6 million people registered. In particular, those tragic, Beichuan only casualties in the thousands of students, aged 3 to 17 years children almost out of stock, in fact, unprecedented human disaster!
in these major catastrophe, how many natural disasters, many man-made, its own history of note. based on facts and judgments, abandon preconceived value judgments, let us Review of history to see Beichuan County, the great catastrophe of the whole process twice in order to clarify the historical responsibility to future generations to leave the experience and lessons of history.
a history who is a responsible man-made disasters
1935 年 1 month, fled the base of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi Central Red Army in Guizhou Zunyi Conference was held to determine the million troops have been less electricity so that the Central Red Army squad of thousands of Red Fourth Army Fourth Army commander tao electrical connection, then gave up the business for many years in the Sichuan-Shaanxi broad base, leaving Tongnanba, north west team in April 12, 1935 by the Jiangyou Gan River (Yuan Wangdong) into Beichuan County environment.
the Red Army after their entry, side to intercept the 14 million Sichuan army pursuit, hastily arranged last 73 days of the Thousand Buddha Mountain (Tumen) campaign; side of the local tyrants and points of land, mobilize the masses supporting the front of Beichuan. Red Fourth Army in the North initiated ethnic equality, ethnic regional autonomy policy, the creation of the Chinese Soviet Yu Lisuweiai Rural Northwest Federal Government (Governance City) shortly after the Red Army in the Aba and Ganzi sand were the People's Republic was established Spengler, Boba People's Republic, that is, Effectiveness - the establishment of and transportation and battlefield army rescue team, the county is almost all young adults into battle, and actively expand the red with red, made great contributions to the war.
1935 年 6 12, the Fourth Army completed attract Sichuan army, blocking Sichuan army, covering the Central Red Army force a strategic task of the Dadu River, over the Keung Shan, Gong Mao and the Central Red Army joined forces in late May .6, the Red Army began to leave the territory of the North River. In Beichuan children, with the Red Army embarked on the Long March, most of whom never came back .1953, the North River as .
Red Army retreated, to prevent Sichuan army pursued the implementation of invading along the way, set fire to all take away food, burning all bridges and streets. Shiniu mountain, was built in the Tang Dynasty, the Millennium Yu Temple, also destroyed by fire being. Kwai River within the county, Pass, and consistent Ling, all dams, open bar, a small dam, mouth pieces, peach Lung, Yu, the pier, the dam end of the first temple bar, the manger, even white, Ma Wo , blue chip and other 17 streets and villages, all were burnt, causing more than 6,000 within the market town of 1,260 residents and farmers, a total of 10,000 people without food to eat, homeless.
pursuit of Sichuan army followed after entry vigorously engaged in retaliation, killing, where expenditure red workers, activists were killed, a few days when the Soviet cadres is exterminate the whole family, into the woods. January, less than the territory of more than 2,000 people in Beichuan were killed. Large After the massacre, plague, famine followed, epidemic, resulting in population decline of several half of Beichuan, some affluent areas to become no man's land. Kuomintang, said Fung Hong of Beichuan County: North River from the bandits were after, but also suffer the ravages of war, the loss is huge, is impossible to account. Along the quiet road off sparsely, that is, the portrayal here.
1935 年 12 April to 23 July, the Red Army presence hundred days, resulting in refractory Beichuan years. Later, General Wei traditional singing: evidence, the North Chuannu force for over 50 years, until 2003, it became the last of a minority autonomous county.
Buddha Quanshan battlefield site is now clearly visible, destroyed the temple and village sites vivid Yu, was the Red Army from carving and White Army was destroyed in the Ming Dynasty Gou Mountain chiseled monument mountain peak, especially since memory (also known as Yu monument, a large Yugong De monument. 700 Kedou Wen original monument, only the remaining 25 characters) as the Longmen disaster of 1935 made history testimony. < br> Second, the North River Elegy
should not have happened in Beichuan, Sichuan is located in the middle of Longmen Mountains northwest of the south central area of heavy rain is Longmen. county area 2869.18KM2, of which mountainous area 2834.73KM2, accounting for link with a total area of 98.8%. District the only blue-chip junction of River and Baicaohe openings River (Jian Jiang, Fu River right bank tributaries, hydropower development has been planned 20) have a small valley basin, nearly all of the mountains. in the Longmen Shan fault zone in North River is the main central Longmen Shan fault zone mm Yingxiu Beichuan fault (about 320KM) the starting point, there had been 6.2 earthquake in 1958, has always been set to the earthquake fault zone Ⅶ minimum security area. Qushan new county of Beichuan River fed up with pagodas in the town of flood openings above the city along the layout, with a total area of only 1.6 square kilometers. Seventeen three towns under the jurisdiction of the county town, inhabited by the Qiang, Han, Tibetan, Hui and other seventeen people, the total population of 16.06 million people. Among them, the Native Qiang 9.1 million, 56.7% of the total population, as the only Qiang Autonomous County.
within the beautiful mountains of Beichuan, a good ecological environment, abundant natural and human tourism resources. In addition to the North River were Hometown proud Yu, Qiang culture, old revolutionary base areas, there are giant pandas, golden monkeys and other diverse wildlife resources, and Yuanwang Dong, Thousand Buddha Mountain, Xiaozhaizigou, Longmen standard Devonian strata profile of tourism resources such as high-grade, suitable for diverse experiences based integrated development of tourist products.
Nevertheless, history has opened in Beichuan joke. Beichuan good simple people do not wait until the big Yu Rongguang the light, wait until the Red Army did not repay the favor, do not enjoy the fruits of modern civilization, there is no economic development of mountain ecosystems looked forward to a good time to be bailing can not escape natural disasters, broken way out, broken dreams.
tragedy of Beichuan, the county seat moved from the beginning .
1950 年 1 month, then the Red Army, now the People's Liberation Army, returned to the city of Beichuan mm rule, completed a 15-year appointment. At that time the county government for military control and security, starting in 1951 Qu building in Beichuan County to the security of the North Town Road (later extended to North Mau road) .1952 on Highway marble, Mianyang, closer to the county government had to give up one thousand three hundred and seventy four years old, located in the North River valley, the terrain is relatively wide flat rule city has set aside in the ex Yu on own people in the county seat moved in September that year only 79 320 people, facing the water, surrounded by the mountain terrain of a narrow mountain town song (located in the narrow valley gorge port, the ancient mountain music set off) for the 2008 earthquake in Beichuan, a city default crash death trap.
from the county seat moved, the local spread of the In Folk Legends .1958 February 8, North River 6.2 earthquake occurred in Di (micro-epicenter for the term of the present Red Shifang town of Gold River), Great Leap Forward, the political situation at the time, no one knows the earthquake damage and casualties .1959 years, some local cadres to move back to the city government's motion is not approved on February 8 .1961 Beichuan 4.7 earthquake from happening again, casualties unknown. So since 1959, it was proposed to continue to move back to the county town government site, but unfortunately were rejected, resulting in a number of Beichuan people lost the opportunity of escape.
Longmen Shan fault zone, seismic activity is frequent in the active fault zone since 1169 to have a destructive earthquake occurred more than 5.0 26 (6.0 and above 20), with an average of 32 years / time. Tangshan earthquake before, away from the North River less than 200KM radius, have occurred in 1933 in Wenchuan Diexi magnitude 7.5 in 1958, Shifang Gold River 6.2, 1970 Dayi 6.3 magnitude earthquake and other earthquakes, have occurred in the late seventies Song Pan Pingwu 7.2 1976 earthquake swarm in 1977 Maowen 4.2 earthquake, 5.4 earthquake in 1978, Blackwater, 1978 Qionglai 4.4 earthquake, 1981 Pengzhou Tai Po 4.5 earthquake in 1999 Mianzhu Hanwang 5.0 earthquake swarm, and so on. The earthquake affected Beichuan, causing Beichuan panic, required to move the city is growing. Beichuan county government, many times to higher levels of government to fight the report, City proposed to move the motion. Beichuan investigation after many experts also think that the Beichuan County is located in the central Longmen main fault seismic zone, the county surrounding steep terrain, dense points of geological disasters, disasters great body, very dangerous.
1986 年to 1987, many of Beichuan, Mianyang City, the Geological Society of experts invited to visit, survey and demonstrates the need to move the city. because of some Italian experts insisted on adhering to relocation costs, the city moved the motion be set aside In 1988, the North River had just been applied for decades, hopeless, North Sichuan people had to think of ways to spot. From 90 onwards, the administrative center of Beichuan county began to move Jian Mao dam across the river, leaving the old city area schools, hospitals, residential and commercial streets. To prevent regular roll Wang Shi old rock down the mountain the event of major disaster, were carried out Zhilv slope, piling support, blocking stone Bolkan Danger measures and other projects, but frequent small earthquakes occurred in the rainy season in particular, small earthquakes, leading to the mountains or the Rolling Stones flying stone street, wounding occurs. Beichuan to do nothing to escape from the active, low-built house from the scary to the thinking of hemp, and finally escape no escape, waiting for death door, so to perfect the synthesis of natural disasters.
2008 年May 12, unfortunately, who watched the North River for many years the legend of Jian Jiang, the overall direction of translation more than 200 meters, patron of music consumed Hill Street, burying almost the entire old city. the Old City area, few people escape. Mau dam side of the new urban landscape Jiashan a large area of the mountain collapsed, collapse the body 300 Articles pound is located in the , including the county government, including a large number of buildings collapsed, causing heavy casualties.
5.12 day meeting is to Mianyang, Beichuan county party secretary Song knew the Beichuan was making dumplings. Song Shuji back to Beichuan, the original people of the county public security bureau 144, only 47 survive; County Detention Center 42 soldiers and 35 prisoners were buried; and 160 county hospitals, only 4. Beichuan, however heroic people, cadres and the masses as one, unity, self-help. In the afternoon, sending five batches of personnel in distress, still can not wait for the case of Mianyang, the official relief to only have less than 1 / 3 of the cadres of the North River County four groups, led more than 2,000 people survived the implementation of the emergency transfer of self-help and security.
22KM away from the new county seat of Beichuan's original old town of Beichuan town government (Yu-ri), except in the 5.12 earthquake was subjected to Tangjiashan barrier lake PRELIMINARY Lake flooded, the Housing construction is relatively small loss, the safety of the transfer.
Beichuan County crash proved, once errors are found, must be corrected as soon as possible, so as not to lead to disaster. Even the legacy of the previous generation historical error, it should be someone responsible, it was corrected. if not corrected, not as bound to lead to accidents, disasters will come to place greater reality.
know disaster is not a refuge, resulting in an instant gone home video, Castle Peak night white head, which is man-made or natural disasters?
Third, the scourge of disaster in the disaster in the human tragedy of the disaster
is among the natural disasters, man-made ambush.
a mistake, you can make; an error can be corrected; a series of errors constitute a causal chain, will lead to disaster, disaster. It is based on this understanding, after returning from the North River, May 19 In an interview with Sichuan earthquake is more than man-made disaster started two days, I always thought was the hardest-hit Wenchuan disaster .5 14 I went to the Wenchuan driving, but was resistance in the Dujiangyan. In Dujiangyan city, I found that damage to buildings, the most serious damage , collapse the most radical, even the school premises! these completely collapsed school buildings, and the surrounding part of the collapsed or partially damaged or intact residential areas, in sharp contrast! the contrast of the large, want to turn a blind eye can not. < br> 5 16, in the Town of Beichuan County, music, facing the crushing collapse of Beichuan Middle School's main teaching building, the overall decline in new two-classroom building, laboratory building section collapsed, more than ten meters away from the main building is in good condition destructive of the old school building built in the 70 mm and reported as two, three years ago the old dilapidated building, and not far from the teachers quarters slightly damaged, I am completely speechless. The fact that evidence. the facts better than evidence.
North River is an earthquake prone area. Here, in north people know that there can not avoid the disaster coming, hide no place to hide, keep track of. Beichuan not reach the majority of buildings intensity repairable, rare earthquake not down, down but not collapsed, , not reinforced, resulting in an earthquake occurs, the collapse of large areas of housing, or crushing collapse, causing heavy casualties, especially in young children and school students a large number of casualties, this is not a man-made, what is?
terrible natural disasters, but also can not be countered ; man-made but it is hateful, hateful, shameful, despicable, more pathetic mm man-made disaster victims to become victimizers, including the common victims, including unnecessary.
in Beichuan, one of the Beichuan Middle School teachers is dead to me softly tells parents: yes. of parents described in detail in the 96 ~ 98 when the main teaching building construction br> I accidentally the development of events: the official also acknowledged that school shabby start problem, and promised to seriously track down, then who are all denied, not only the use of propaganda to confuse right and wrong, even the use of repressive state machinery to suppress for justice for children parents who raised the question some time ago arrested punished people (including my friend, Mr. Liu Shaokun and Huang Qi). Maybe some people really think that using high pressure pressing, set an example, unable to pronounce the voice of victims to cover up the crime can be in the past.
I would like to ask: When individuals rise to the accountability of schools shabby and criminals stand? not want to show that China's legislation is not to judicial enforcement of social justice, but only for those in power service? not want to show that China now is only the power to build, not responsible; only crime, no rule of law; only political parties, not people; only bayonets, there is no special social speech?
who is resisting the democratic rule of law, should G problems, dig the country money, the suspect fled the responsibility, to play cards the government, do your own business, is actually put into a man-made natural disasters and man-made artificially expanded the number of times again. This social nature the government agencies, can not evade responsibility. I think that the people at all levels of government, owes the world a truth, lack of an accountable society, but also due to all the earthquake victims of a son. aside the issue whether earthquake prediction at least the following questions, the Government has a responsibility to tell people: 1) the construction of large reservoirs in seismic belt of the geological environment and safety issues; 2), seismic fortification standards put in place civil issues; 3), schools, hospitals public oversight and other public buildings, earthquake fortification, building classifications and construction standards.
problems in school, I was silent for two months, is not afraid to write, but Beichuan, said Mr. Tang Shilin We have had promises. Now, I want to re-hold it supremely even pick up a pen to the pen mm die, I no regrets.
Please Longmenshan testify.
four Keung Shan silent cheating the system
no doubt that the earthquake was not a direct result of the earthquake casualties, but the building. quake could cause houses to collapse, resulting in casualties. qualified earthquake resistant buildings, a small loss of life; failure of earthquake resistant buildings, more casualties more. If the town site is unreasonable, if the failure of public buildings, and even jerry shabby, if there is no reasonable system of earthquake disaster reduction and pre-qualified three mechanisms (forecasting, prediction, prevention), a large building when the earthquake area of collapse, causing a large number of casualties is inevitable thing.
5.12 earthquake, Wenchuan and Beichuan can be used as a model for two different regions, to study the real causes of natural disasters. Over the years, also known as the Wenchuan Yu hometown, but the Wenchuan as the Ⅶ minimum security zone earthquake in Beichuan County, has more than 100 km from the epicenter, is more than 70% of the houses collapsed, more than 50% casualties. did not know such a strong contrast, the Department is not certain who invented and adhere to the guiding ideology, Less than fortification, particularly in public buildings is so; (3) North River some public buildings, especially the quality of school buildings have serious problems, some are shabby, at least so Beichuan Middle School. These basic facts should be negative to the whole society was responsibility to.
these basic facts, through the conscience of the majority of domestic public media from the things.
early as December 30, 1999, seismic zone, earthquake zone and the Anning River Longmenshan seismic belt, and to Wenchuan, Beichuan, Qingchuan prevention as a key monitoring areas. The planning ten years ago, has the next 20 years in the tri-state area may be destructive earthquake occurred many times to make a more accurate long-term forecasts, and established the year, quarter, month, ten days, weeks, and internal reporting system in consultation with forecasts. In recent years, both within and outside the system, the medium-term earthquake prediction on the short-impending prediction and information as many as dozens. But since there are projections, why not forecast and prevent it?
1998 年 12 17, by the State Council issued the medium-term forecast, issued by the State Council. : earthquake prediction, forecasting and prevention, are two different powers, the first power belongs to the professional functions, and the second power belongs to the public administration. The institutional arrangements under a huge hidden ambush is: Even if the professional departments have science forecasts, nor unauthorized release, but should be subordinated to public power sector, non-scientific factors in the decision-making. Sometimes these public decision-making, particularly the small probability of unexpected events should occur in a big hurry (such as natural disasters, community events, accidents, etc.), to live can not the people. this arrangement may result in pre-and unexpected, rather than measuring reported, reported without defense, without force against the serious consequences of a major earthquake occurred .5.12, is one of typical cases.
5.12 before the earthquake, according to Zipingpu Reservoir detected 04-05 years after the 735 earthquake records (unpublished two years), the reservoir and the Sichuan earthquake earthquake administration The earthquake has made the accurate medium-term or even short-term prediction. but because of the lack of magnitude estimates (reported to be 5.0 ~ 5.5) and became a technical error. resulted in the decision-making departments underestimate the errors underestimated the consequences of the earthquake, resulting in the non-fat early-warning decision-making mistakes, which led to serious social consequences. see the current .
the bane of man-made, not people, but what is the system is not perfect and the mechanism is unreasonable. system flaw led to the man-made, so that victims and perpetrators, both officials and the public together to become victims. the Chinese system trap, has become the biggest bottleneck in the development, the offside trap to public power, public policy dislocation, absence of public oversight, public interests, the various public buildings are not subject to oversight and shoddy and corruption, as against public the safety of dangerous goods.
natural disasters and man-made calamities in the conspiracy, a murdered child in Beichuan in China's two knives; before a knife can hurt; then a man-made disasters of the knife, is the real deadly.
this everything, like a satire and should not occur in Yu hometown. Keung Shan silent.
V. Yu Beichuan students can be as conclusive
Yu, one of the Chinese human ancestor, Yan Huang, a Chinese civilization later founder. According to Historical Records, flood control, and rejuvenating the country, creating Jiuzhou, unified China, the first unified Chinese nation is the founder of dynasty.
Han Yang Xiong, Beichuan County, New Village, Shi Yu Shi Township, New Hill, is the birth place of Yu. Since ancient times, Stone Mountain New Zealand is considered a sacred place, not within a hundred mile radius of farming or living. Even if the crime were sneak in, and shall not enter the official arrest, three years after this Qianxiu be forgiven. Yu Township, the point has not been allocated Yu ditch, cut open child floors, wash the children pool, hope Chongshan (Yu parent Gun, No. Chong Pak) , Yu Temple, Gou Mountain mountain peak Monument (Monument of Yu Gong), sites, is the Longmen Mountains as Minshan Jian water, Minshan guide Jiang, Da Tung Do not, water and prosperous, pesticides Hennessy, its early activities, in Beichuan, Wenchuan, Dujiangyan ancient Munsan County places, and in the formation of a hometown Yu cultural zone. Xiachuan Zai, home world. Since the beginning of the Xia and Shang, Yu to people Learning the history of the West Hing process. so also the sage Confucius of Confucianism as a catholic to positive Yu, impeccable perfect, Chan said: Yu, seamless then I carry on. Baoqin, the sovereignty of human rights than authoritarian nationalism and cultural populism replaced the feudal autocracy > built in Beichuan County, eight in the Tang Dynasty (AD 634) to Yu stone monuments in New Zealand and Oasis from each of the word, composed of Shiquan County (634 ~ 1914), the city was in the governance of the city (in 1992 renamed Yu ), called the old town of Beichuan, one thousand three hundred and seventy years have elapsed since the historic (if Zhou Jian County dollars, when the one thousand four hundred and forty years). Tang Dynasty from the county when the county built a mile southeast of the stone Yu Temple in New York built a mountain, as one of the earliest .1935 Yu Temple, the Stone Temple New York, because of man-made mountain and engulfed Yu (2002 reconstruction), resulting in activities of traditional folk festival was forced to go to Yu Yu Yu Mizoguchi palace temple (built in the Qianlong, was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, 1994 reconstruction). Beichuan and June sixth days of spring and autumn each year birthday Yu, Yu Festival activities are to be held every year continues, has continued. Yu Chong Yu in the wind of the Millennium we do not, the territory of the North River in addition to Yu Yu Outside the temple built in the old town, Yu hole, mouth piece, the end dam, mountain music, openings, Chenjiaba other places, but also built the temple or Yu Yu palace, passing Yu Hometown long history and cultural heritage. So Beichuan, and the people pure and honest and simple, hard-working good people.
years, Yu hometown of Beichuan County, representing the old, small, side, four blocks of the poor (the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas Chief marginal areas, poor areas) .1935 northwest of the Red Army initiated the federal government in the regional ethnic autonomy, the first autonomous policy, the first Yu Lisuweiai Township. But after 50 years of continuous efforts, the North River was in July 2003, approved the establishment of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, the National Minority Autonomous County, the last one, the only Qiang Autonomous County, caught the last train to the Ethnic Autonomous County. only this, reflecting the traditional culture of the red regime do not pay attention to the ethnic minorities do not respect.
bitter experience, after the destruction of 5.12 Beichuan, Yu hometown of Beichuan those in power, there should be some shame. the people's government, the people of the North River, you should apologize, then apologize, then accountability, not just training money things.
six voices telling Longmen Mountains
four thousand years, was born in the south central Longmen Mountains hinterland of the North River Rock Knob Yu, it is impossible to imagine, and now look like scars Longmen Mountains.
5.12, after the earthquake, according to aerial observation, after the Longmen Mountain, the Minjiang River Valley line, the green coverage of less than 20%. has been formed and sandy arid valley of Minjiang River corridor, after this great misfortune, is being accelerated degradation, will become the Chengdu Plain dust storm sources. Longmenshan three mines south of the starting point of the railway station Pengzhou Big Treasure, Gold River Shifang, Mianzhu Han Wang, the connection is the Longmen Shan fault zone of the surface toward the central line. in these industrial areas is also a historical earthquake-prone areas inside, and now has disembowelling, devastation, local industrial and mining losses. which have occurred in 1958, 6.2 earthquake in Shifang Gold River rock, the death of 225 people and injuring 157 people occurred in the year 1999 5.0 Hanwang Mianzhu devastating earthquake, and now there are three schools of the school collapse occurred only in the primary casualties more than 1,000 people. Long front of the fault zone and piedmont terraces, is rich in densely populated areas, the earthquake caused large-scale housing collapsed, causing a large number of casualties.
5.12 2473 China earthquake caused water damage to water facilities (including Sichuan, nearly 2000). Longmenshan earthquake damaged more than 1000 hydropower facilities, earthquake loss rate of 100%. Mianyang 825 reservoirs, earthquake damage 627 (76%), high-risk reservoirs 178 (28%), of which 38 are dangerous break; and neighboring Beichuan County, 187 Reservoir Jiangyou 100% damage, cracks, settlement , deformation, leakage dangers, including 19 with dam dangerous. Minjiang River valley, and more than 9 Minjiang River Zipingpu dam dangerous situation. According to observation, near the dam, most of the areas worst earthquake damage. Large dam collapsed near the mountain are often very serious, leading to more power stations were buried, resulting in heavy casualties water and electricity sector, a huge loss of property.
forces of nature ...
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Introduction to restore the Bible
Restoration of the the most
1. Most annotated Bible New Testament Notes
2. The first book to present the most accurate translation of the New Testament text to basket this
3. The first printing of the printing Cambridge Chinese Bible
4. the first by a Chinese translation with the English version of the New Testament Recovery Version New Testament
main characteristics, in addition to an accurate translation of the Scriptures according to the original, there are quarters of its Three rich annotation space.
there are four main features of these notes:
1. to clarify the truth;
2. the supply of life;
3. answer inquiries;
4. unlock new books about the inner meaning of each volume.
now select one representative for the reader is referred to the comments.
Scripture: Corinthians Thirteen 14
May 1 the Lord Jesus Christ, God's love, Spirit of the traffic, and you all.
Note 1:
the grace of God is the Lord Himself as our life, our enjoyment; (about 17 and Note 1 Cor 10 and Note 1 ;) God's love is God himself, (I John IV 8,16,) decide the source of grace; the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of traffic themselves, Grace made the transfer with the love of God, give us partakers. This is not three separate pieces of thing, but three aspects of a thing, as the Lord, God, Holy Spirit, not three separate gods, but l do not with a separate, God can not separate the three substantive. r (Philip Schaff, Xue Cardiff.) The real, original text at the bottom of the support that is supported in the following things, support the real. (the single number used to November 1, See Note 3 of the section.) Father, Son, and Spirit are three support of a real God, constitute one Godhead.
the love of God is the source, because God is Yuanshi; the grace of God is the God of love flow, because the Lord is God showing; Spirit is the Lord of the traffic Well the love of God with the dispensing, because the Spirit is the Lord God of the transmission, give us experience and enjoy the Triune God - Father, Son and Holy Spirit, who together with his divine virtue. here start with the grace of God, because the The book is focused on the grace of Christ. (a 12, four 15, June 1, August 1,9, 8,14 nine, twelve 9.) so that there is love, grace, transport properties of the three holy virtues, and so has a parent , Son, Holy Spirit three sides of the Triune God real, but who are turned away and deceived, but was comforted by the Corinthians and recovery needs. Therefore, the apostle in the same sentence, the combination of these sacred and precious were using it all to the end of his letters to this lovely and amiable.
strong proof of this section, the godhead of the Trinity, not for the truth on the understanding in systematic theology, but for God In his three-mile, to give to their chosen points and redemption in there. In the Bible, the Holy Trinity Revelation never merely as truth, and always spoke about God and His creation, especially with He had made, especially with the salvation of His chosen people and relationships, revelation, or said before. When it comes to divine revelation of God in creation, first used in a call to Elohim (Elohim, ) in Hebrew is the majority, (Genesis 1) showed the man created the heaven with God is a Trinity. When it comes to God according to his own image, in his own likeness, the He used the plural pronouns we r l r and l refer to our own, to say his Trinity, (Genesis 26) and with said He wants to become a human, and in his three-mile, through one manifest Himself. In Genesis 22, November 7, June 8 event, he said that with the people and the relationship with his electorate, has repeatedly said he was l us. r
to redeem fallen man, so that His status and people still become one, and He in the yard, and by the Spirit, (Road, 31, 35,) became flesh (John 1:14) to Zuoren; and in the yard, (Luke 49,) and relying on the Spirit, (Luke iv 1, 28-second too,) on the ground over human life. The beginning of His ministry on earth, the parent with a child Ointment, (so c 16 17, Luke iv 18 ,) for the people to come and people go with him. He was crucified in the flesh, and rose again to become life-giving Spirit (Cor 45) before revealed to the disciples made it clear that his use of the mysteries of the Trinity, (about ten four to seventeen,) said that child in the Father and the Father in the Son, (about fourteen 9 ~ 11,) the Spirit is the incarnation of the Son, (about fourteen 16 to 20,) the three co-exist with each other within , and believers live and give them to enjoy; (about fourteen 23, seventh 21 ~ 23;) are added to the Father of all children, and every child received from all the soul, and declares to the believers. (about sixteen 13 ~ 15.) such as the Trinity is fully God through the process, will give their points to his believers, (17,20 about fourteen, fifteen 4 to 5) so that they can inside the Triune God become one, and with God as a Trinity. (about seventeen 21 ~ 23.)
after His resurrection, He commanded His disciples to make disciples of all people as will them into the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit in; ( too twenty-eight 19;) is to bring believers in the Triune God, into and through the process of organic union in God. This has been the incarnation of God, human life, crucifixion and resurrection into. Based on this life the connection, the Apostle to the conclusion in the book to sacred blessed Trinity bless them, through the spirit of the traffic, partakers of grace with the Father, the Son of love. in the holy Trinity, the Father With spiritual gift of God, by the Lord (Son of God) the ministry in the church (the Body of Christ) of the public body, the operation of all things. (I Cor twelve 4 ~ 6.)
this to Ephesians The book of divine revelation, which comes to the Body of Christ church, existence, growth, construction and war are the divine economy, that is, the Triune God dispenses to the Body of Christ in the form of. a chapter reveals How God the Father is always selected and ordained in the body, (Ephesians 4 and 5,) son of God to redeem them (Ephesians 6 to 12,) by the Spirit of God how to make quality printing them (Ephesians 13 14,) to be given Himself to His believers to form the church is Christ's body, that in the million and there are those who are full of the fullness. (Ephesians 18 to 23.) two chapters to us see, in the holy Trinity, all Jewish and Gentile believers in God in the Spirit, through God the Son, God the Father to be into the front. (Eph. 18). It also specifies that even in a physical, human life, crucifixion and resurrection, all this process, the three are still coexist within each other. In three chapters, the Apostle of God the Father prayed, called Christians by the Spirit of God, to strengthen the inner man, so that Christ (God the Son) settled down in their hearts, that is, possession of their whole person, so they were all filled with a fullness of God. (Eph three 14 to 19.) This is the believers in Christ, experience and partake of the divine Trinity poles. After four chapters describe the process of God, they are spirit, Lord, Father, how to reconcile with the body of Christ, (Eph d 4 to 6,) so that all the physical experience of the divine Trinity. chapters exhorted followers to use Song of the Spirit of God praise the Lord (Son of God,) and in our Lord Jesus Christ (Son of God) Thank God the Father in the name. (Eph. V. 19 ~ 20.) This is the Holy Trinity, the praise and thanks through the process God, that we enjoy the Triune God. chapters instructed us in the Lord (Son of God) was the afterburner in, wearing the whole armor of God the Father, and drawn the sword of the Spirit of God, engaged in spiritual warfare. (Eph 10 ~ 11,17.) This is the believer even in the spiritual battle, but also experience and enjoy the Triune God.
Apostle Peter in his writings, said the selection of God the Father, the Spirit of God holy, and Jesus Christ (God the Son) in the blood of salvation (I Peter a 2) also confirmed that one of God as the believers of the three to enjoy. The Apostle John also strengthened the Holy Trinity of revelation, the faithful partakers in the Triune God through the process. In Revelation, he blessed all over the church, Grace and peace, and since this is the past is the future never is the (Father) and the seven spirits before His throne (Spirit of God ,) and that the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead who, as ruler of the kings of the earth of Jesus Christ (God the Son,) go with them. (start a 4 to 5.) John to the churches of this blessing, but also through the process specified in the Triune God, whether it is ever all that the father is seven times every effort to strengthen the spirit, as well as the anointed son and all the proceeds achieved, all believers enjoy, so that they become golden lampstand for the witness of his body. (Rev. A 9,11,20.)
therefore, the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, the Trinity of god all the divine revelation, obviously not as a theological study , but for the told us to comprehend, mysteries and wonders of God in His three-mile, how to give Himself to His chosen people inside, so that those of us who kept his chosen, redeemed people, can be like the apostles specified by the blessing of the Corinthians, and partake of, experience, enjoy and get the Triune God through the process, from now and forever. Amen.
1. Most annotated Bible New Testament Notes
2. The first book to present the most accurate translation of the New Testament text to basket this
3. The first printing of the printing Cambridge Chinese Bible
4. the first by a Chinese translation with the English version of the New Testament Recovery Version New Testament
main characteristics, in addition to an accurate translation of the Scriptures according to the original, there are quarters of its Three rich annotation space.
there are four main features of these notes:
1. to clarify the truth;
2. the supply of life;
3. answer inquiries;
4. unlock new books about the inner meaning of each volume.
now select one representative for the reader is referred to the comments.
Scripture: Corinthians Thirteen 14
May 1 the Lord Jesus Christ, God's love, Spirit of the traffic, and you all.
Note 1:
the grace of God is the Lord Himself as our life, our enjoyment; (about 17 and Note 1 Cor 10 and Note 1 ;) God's love is God himself, (I John IV 8,16,) decide the source of grace; the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of traffic themselves, Grace made the transfer with the love of God, give us partakers. This is not three separate pieces of thing, but three aspects of a thing, as the Lord, God, Holy Spirit, not three separate gods, but l do not with a separate, God can not separate the three substantive. r (Philip Schaff, Xue Cardiff.) The real, original text at the bottom of the support that is supported in the following things, support the real. (the single number used to November 1, See Note 3 of the section.) Father, Son, and Spirit are three support of a real God, constitute one Godhead.
the love of God is the source, because God is Yuanshi; the grace of God is the God of love flow, because the Lord is God showing; Spirit is the Lord of the traffic Well the love of God with the dispensing, because the Spirit is the Lord God of the transmission, give us experience and enjoy the Triune God - Father, Son and Holy Spirit, who together with his divine virtue. here start with the grace of God, because the The book is focused on the grace of Christ. (a 12, four 15, June 1, August 1,9, 8,14 nine, twelve 9.) so that there is love, grace, transport properties of the three holy virtues, and so has a parent , Son, Holy Spirit three sides of the Triune God real, but who are turned away and deceived, but was comforted by the Corinthians and recovery needs. Therefore, the apostle in the same sentence, the combination of these sacred and precious were using it all to the end of his letters to this lovely and amiable.
strong proof of this section, the godhead of the Trinity, not for the truth on the understanding in systematic theology, but for God In his three-mile, to give to their chosen points and redemption in there. In the Bible, the Holy Trinity Revelation never merely as truth, and always spoke about God and His creation, especially with He had made, especially with the salvation of His chosen people and relationships, revelation, or said before. When it comes to divine revelation of God in creation, first used in a call to Elohim (Elohim, ) in Hebrew is the majority, (Genesis 1) showed the man created the heaven with God is a Trinity. When it comes to God according to his own image, in his own likeness, the He used the plural pronouns we r l r and l refer to our own, to say his Trinity, (Genesis 26) and with said He wants to become a human, and in his three-mile, through one manifest Himself. In Genesis 22, November 7, June 8 event, he said that with the people and the relationship with his electorate, has repeatedly said he was l us. r
to redeem fallen man, so that His status and people still become one, and He in the yard, and by the Spirit, (Road, 31, 35,) became flesh (John 1:14) to Zuoren; and in the yard, (Luke 49,) and relying on the Spirit, (Luke iv 1, 28-second too,) on the ground over human life. The beginning of His ministry on earth, the parent with a child Ointment, (so c 16 17, Luke iv 18 ,) for the people to come and people go with him. He was crucified in the flesh, and rose again to become life-giving Spirit (Cor 45) before revealed to the disciples made it clear that his use of the mysteries of the Trinity, (about ten four to seventeen,) said that child in the Father and the Father in the Son, (about fourteen 9 ~ 11,) the Spirit is the incarnation of the Son, (about fourteen 16 to 20,) the three co-exist with each other within , and believers live and give them to enjoy; (about fourteen 23, seventh 21 ~ 23;) are added to the Father of all children, and every child received from all the soul, and declares to the believers. (about sixteen 13 ~ 15.) such as the Trinity is fully God through the process, will give their points to his believers, (17,20 about fourteen, fifteen 4 to 5) so that they can inside the Triune God become one, and with God as a Trinity. (about seventeen 21 ~ 23.)
after His resurrection, He commanded His disciples to make disciples of all people as will them into the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit in; ( too twenty-eight 19;) is to bring believers in the Triune God, into and through the process of organic union in God. This has been the incarnation of God, human life, crucifixion and resurrection into. Based on this life the connection, the Apostle to the conclusion in the book to sacred blessed Trinity bless them, through the spirit of the traffic, partakers of grace with the Father, the Son of love. in the holy Trinity, the Father With spiritual gift of God, by the Lord (Son of God) the ministry in the church (the Body of Christ) of the public body, the operation of all things. (I Cor twelve 4 ~ 6.)
this to Ephesians The book of divine revelation, which comes to the Body of Christ church, existence, growth, construction and war are the divine economy, that is, the Triune God dispenses to the Body of Christ in the form of. a chapter reveals How God the Father is always selected and ordained in the body, (Ephesians 4 and 5,) son of God to redeem them (Ephesians 6 to 12,) by the Spirit of God how to make quality printing them (Ephesians 13 14,) to be given Himself to His believers to form the church is Christ's body, that in the million and there are those who are full of the fullness. (Ephesians 18 to 23.) two chapters to us see, in the holy Trinity, all Jewish and Gentile believers in God in the Spirit, through God the Son, God the Father to be into the front. (Eph. 18). It also specifies that even in a physical, human life, crucifixion and resurrection, all this process, the three are still coexist within each other. In three chapters, the Apostle of God the Father prayed, called Christians by the Spirit of God, to strengthen the inner man, so that Christ (God the Son) settled down in their hearts, that is, possession of their whole person, so they were all filled with a fullness of God. (Eph three 14 to 19.) This is the believers in Christ, experience and partake of the divine Trinity poles. After four chapters describe the process of God, they are spirit, Lord, Father, how to reconcile with the body of Christ, (Eph d 4 to 6,) so that all the physical experience of the divine Trinity. chapters exhorted followers to use Song of the Spirit of God praise the Lord (Son of God,) and in our Lord Jesus Christ (Son of God) Thank God the Father in the name. (Eph. V. 19 ~ 20.) This is the Holy Trinity, the praise and thanks through the process God, that we enjoy the Triune God. chapters instructed us in the Lord (Son of God) was the afterburner in, wearing the whole armor of God the Father, and drawn the sword of the Spirit of God, engaged in spiritual warfare. (Eph 10 ~ 11,17.) This is the believer even in the spiritual battle, but also experience and enjoy the Triune God.
Apostle Peter in his writings, said the selection of God the Father, the Spirit of God holy, and Jesus Christ (God the Son) in the blood of salvation (I Peter a 2) also confirmed that one of God as the believers of the three to enjoy. The Apostle John also strengthened the Holy Trinity of revelation, the faithful partakers in the Triune God through the process. In Revelation, he blessed all over the church, Grace and peace, and since this is the past is the future never is the (Father) and the seven spirits before His throne (Spirit of God ,) and that the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead who, as ruler of the kings of the earth of Jesus Christ (God the Son,) go with them. (start a 4 to 5.) John to the churches of this blessing, but also through the process specified in the Triune God, whether it is ever all that the father is seven times every effort to strengthen the spirit, as well as the anointed son and all the proceeds achieved, all believers enjoy, so that they become golden lampstand for the witness of his body. (Rev. A 9,11,20.)
therefore, the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, the Trinity of god all the divine revelation, obviously not as a theological study , but for the told us to comprehend, mysteries and wonders of God in His three-mile, how to give Himself to His chosen people inside, so that those of us who kept his chosen, redeemed people, can be like the apostles specified by the blessing of the Corinthians, and partake of, experience, enjoy and get the Triune God through the process, from now and forever. Amen.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)